1 17 Aggrey, K. E. D. W. Muenow et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2501-2506. 52 1988 2 17 Allan, J. F. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 565-584. 135 1994 3 17 Antoine, E. V. Cilia et al., Int J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1118-1123. 47 1997 399 17 Asimow, P. D. Langmuir, C. H. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement 1 69 10 r2k-m lau 2005 4 17 Auzende, J. M. Y. Lafoy et al., Geology 925-929. 6 1988 5 17 Baba, K. M. de Saint Laurent Scientia Marina (Barcelona) 321-325. 56 1992 196 17 Baba, K. M. Tuerkay Senckenbergiana maritime. Frankfurt/Main 203-210. 22 1992 197 17 Bach, W. S. W. E. Hegner et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 1467-1470. 25 1998 198 17 Bach, W. S. Niedermann, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 297-309. 160 1998 383 17 Baker, E. T. Massoth, G. J. Nakamura, K. Embley, R. W. de Ronde, C. E. J. Arculus, R. J. Baker, ET NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA Australian Natl Univ, Dept Geol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Q09001 6 9 r2k-h back-arc ridges hydrothermal venting magmatic budget mariana trough valu fa ridge marine geology and geophysics : back-arc basin processes marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes volcanology : hydrothermal systems east-scotia ridge spreading center crustal accretion reykjanes ridge midocean ridges mantle flow plumes ocean petrogenesis constraints 2005 SEP 1 1525-2027 ISI:000231726700001 The spatial density of hydrothermal venting is strongly correlated with spreading rate on mid-ocean ridges (with the interesting exception of hot spot-affected ridges), evidently because spreading rate is a reliable proxy for the magma budget. This correlation remains untested on spreading ridges in back-arc basins, where the magma budget may be complicated by subduction-induced variations of the melt supply. To address this uncertainty, we conducted hydrothermal plume surveys along slow-spreading (40-60 mm/yr) and arc-proximal (10-60 km distant) sections of the southern Mariana Trough and the Valu Fa Ridge (Lau Basin). On both sections we found multiple plumes overlying similar to 15-20% of the total length of each section, a coverage comparable to mid-ocean ridges spreading at similar rates. These conditions contrast with earlier reported results from the two nearest-arc segments of a faster spreading (60-70 mm/yr) back-arc ridge, the East Scotia Ridge, which approaches no closer than 100 km to its arc. There, hydrothermal venting is relatively scarce (similar to 5% plume coverage) and the ridge characteristics are distinctly slow-spreading: small central volcanic highs bookended by deep median valleys, and axial melt lenses restricted to the volcanic highs. Two factors may contribute to an unexpectedly low hydrothermal budget on these East Scotia Ridge segments: they may lie too far from the adjacent arc to benefit from near-arc sources of melt supply, and subduction-aided migration of mantle from the Bouvet hot spot may reduce hydrothermal circulation by local crustal warming and thickening, analogous to the Reykjanes Ridge. Thus the pattern among these three ridge sections appears to mirror the larger global pattern defined by mid-ocean ridges: a well-defined trend of spreading rate versus hydrothermal activity on most ridge sections, plus a subset of ridge sections where unusual melt delivery conditions diminish the expected hydrothermal activity. 962JD Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:63 <Go to ISI>://000231726700001 English 379 17 Baker, E. T. Resing, J. A. Walker, S. L. Martinez, F. Taylor, B. Nakamura, K. Baker, ET NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA Univ Washington, JISAO, NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters L07308 33 7 r2k-cp/h r2k-d lau east pacific rise apparent magmatic budget seismic structure spreading center midocean ridge fuca ridge plumes water juan 2006 APR 6 0094-8276 ISI:000236878600003 The relationship between the spatial density of hydrothermal venting (p(h)) and spreading rate ( us) is undefined along back-arc ridges. Here we report a continuous survey of hydrothermal plumes along the similar to 400-km-long Eastern Lau Spreading Center. The mean p(h)/u(s) ratio for each of three tectonic segments followed the global midocean ridge trend, with p(h) doubling as us increased northward from 39 to 96 mm/yr. However, we found little correlation between p(h) and the previously imaged distribution of axial melt lenses, which are near-continuous along the southern two segments but wholly absent along the northernmost segment. We infer that venting on the southern segments is melt driven, whereas venting on the northern ELSC is entirely powered with heat extracted by deep circulation through hot rock. This segment may be a rare example of an entire fast-spreading segment where hydrothermal convection cells are powered by downward-migrating cracking fronts. 033VH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:27 <Go to ISI>://000236878600003 English 199 17 Bednarz, U. H. U. Schmincke Proc. ODP Sci. Results 51-74. 135 1994 200 17 Beninger, P. G. M. Le Pennec Marine Ecology Progress Series 195-206. 157 1997 201 17 Bevis, M. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 697-698. 78 1997 202 17 Bevis, M. D. A. Phillips et al., Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 328. 81 2000 400 17 Bevis, M. Taylor, F. W. Schutz, B. E. Recy, J. Isacks, B. L. Helu, S. Singh, R. Kendrick, E. Stowell, J. Taylor, B. Nature Nature 249-251 374 2002 204 17 Billen, M. I. M. Gurnis Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 227-236. 193 2001 205 17 Bock, G. T. Eguchi, et al., J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 18,119-18,128. 96 1991 206 17 Boespflug, X. L. Dosso et al., Geol. Jahrb 503-516. 92 1990 207 17 Bortnikov, N. S. D. T. Fedorov et al., Geology of Ore Deposits no. 6, 476-488. 35 1993 208 17 Bourdon, B. S. Turner et al., Science 2491-2493. 286 1999 209 17 Bowman, J. R. M. Ando Geophys. J. R. Ast. Soc. 25-41. 88 1987 210 17 Bryan, W. B. T. H. Pearce 543-556. 135 1994 409 17 Childress, J.J Figueroa, D., Henry, M. Geophysical Monograph Series Geophysical Monograph Series Back-arc spreading systems: geological, biological, chemical and physical interactions

235

r2k-ba lau 2006 doi:10.1029/166GM12 211 17 Chiu, J. M. B. L. Isacks et al., Geophys. J. Int. 99-111. 106 1991 212 17 Clift, P. J. E. Dixon Proc. ODP Sci. Results 23-50. 135 1994 213 17 Cole, J. W. I. J. Graham et al., Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 540-554. 104 1990 214 17 Collier, J. S. M. Sinha Nature Nature 646-648. 346 1990 215 17 Collier, J. S. M. C. Sinha J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 14031-14053. 94 1992 393 17 Conder, J. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 17-1 29 15 2002 380 17 Conder, J. A. Wiens, D. A. Conder, Ja Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 1169,1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems - 7 back-arc basin fiji island arc lau subduction tomography marine geology and geophysics : back-arc basin processes seismology : tomography tectonophysics : subduction zone processes east pacific rise upper-mantle structure low-velocity zone subduction zones southwest pacific northeastern japan spreading centers wave velocity p/v-s 3-dimensional structure 2006 MAR 31 1525-2027 ISI:000236729000004 The Tonga arc and associated Lau basin exhibit many geologically important processes that link subduction and mantle flow with plate separation and crustal production. We create seismic tomograms of the Tonga-Lau region by jointly inverting for Vp and Vp/Vs structure using data from the LABATTS ocean bottom seismograph experiment and several island deployments to better constrain dynamic processes in the mantle wedge. Jointly using P and S data can help distinguish between the various mechanisms responsible for seismic velocity anomalies such as temperature and the presence of melt and/or volatiles. Because high attenuation in the wedge limits the S wave data set, we focus on 2-D inversions beneath the linear OBS array where resolution is best and also parameterize the solution in terms of the Vp/Vs ratio. As expected, the subducting slab has fast Vp and Vs and a low Vp/Vs ratio, consistent with the cold downgoing plate. The Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC) exhibits stronger anomalies in Vp/Vs than in Vp, with the anomalies larger than would be predicted purely by temperature variations. The CLSC anomaly extends >100 km to the west of the axis, suggesting a broad region of melt production driven by passive upwelling from plate separation rather than active upwelling mechanisms. The anomaly is asymmetric about the axis, suggesting that slab-induced corner flow possibly influences mantle dynamics several hundred kilometers away from the arc. There is a strong anomaly beneath the volcanic arc that gradually deepens as it trends toward the back arc, likely outlining a hydrated region of melt production that feeds the volcanic front. Hydration possibly continues throughout the wedge to at least 400 km depth. The Lau ridge exhibits a thicker lithosphere relative to the rest of the Basin, while the Fiji platform likely has a thinner lithosphere than the Lau Ridge from more recent extension. There is also a reasonable likelihood of a small degree of partial melt in the uppermost mantle beneath the platform. 031UF Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:102 <Go to ISI>://000236729000004 English 392 17 Crawford, A. J. Meffre, S. Symonds, P. A. Special paper- Geological Society of America 383-403 372 2003 387 17 Crawford, W. C. Wiens, D. A. Dorman, L. M. Webb, S. C. Wiens, D. A. Crawford, WC Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marine, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, MPL GRD, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth - 108 B4 tonga lau seismic refraction island arc back arc basin upper-mantle beneath kermadec island arc east pacific rise velocity structure continental-crust tomography inversion growth trench region 2003 APR 11 0148-0227 ISI:000182355200001 [1] The crustal structure across the Tonga-Lau arc-back arc system from the Lau Ridge to the Pacific Plate (178degrees-170degreesW, 18degrees19degreesS) is modeled, using data from an 840-km-long air gun refraction line over 19 ocean bottom seismometers and one land station. The data reveal that the Pacific Plate crust is 5.5 km thick, with a velocity structure similar to that found at the present-day East Pacific Rise (EPR). Beneath Tonga Ridge, an intermediate velocity layer (6-7 km/s) is up to 7.5 km thick and has a velocity-depth distribution similar to andesitic rocks found in continental crust. The crust is abnormally thin (4 km) at the boundary between the Tonga Ridge and the Lau Basin. At the east end of Lau Basin, the crust is 5.5-6.5 km thick and resembles crust formed at the EPR except for a thicker sheeted-dike section (2-3 km) and thinner lower crust (2 km). The Lau Basin crust thickens to 7-8 km near the Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC), mostly through thickening of the lower crust. The crust thickens again to 8.5-9.5 km at 50 km west of the CLSC, mostly through thickening of the midcrust. In the thick westernmost section, the crustal structure is uniform even though one part of this section formed through extension of arc-type crust while the rest was created at an oceanic spreading center. The relative homogeneity of these rocks suggests that their petrology may be dominated by postemplacement magmatic infilling from a mantle source west of the spreading center. 669MN Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:43 <Go to ISI>://000182355200001 English 216 17 Cronan, D. S. R. A. Hodkinson Marine Geology 237-268. 141 1997 217 17 Cronan, D. S. R. A. Hodkinson et al., Mar. Georesour. Geotec. 51-72. 20 2002 390 17 Daessle, L. W. Cronan, D. S. Daessle, Lw Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2BP, England Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2BP, England Univ Autonoma Baja California, Inst Invest Oceanol, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico Ciencias Marinas 635-659 27 4 lau basin sediment geochemistry hydrothermal manganese accumulation back-arc basin mid-atlantic ridge accumulation rates metalliferous sediments pelagic sediments southwest pacific rise chemistry particles phosphate 2001 DEC 0185-3880 ISI:000172539300009 The partition geochemistry and recent Mn accumulation rates have been studied in 14 sediment cores collected adjacent to the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre (ELSC) in the Lau Basin, SW Pacific. The sediments are oxic in nature, formed of ash with abundant nannofossil ooze and hydrothermal Mn oxides dispersed within the calcareous sediments. These oxides represent distal plume fallout derived mainly from the hydrothermal fields along the ELSC and possibly from the nearby Central Lau Spreading Centre (CLSC). Nickel, Mo, Pb and, to a lesser extent, Co and V are associated with the Mn-oxide phase, possibly scavenged by Mn precipitates. Only low proportions of Fe, Zn and Cu are found in the oxide phase, these elements being mainly associated with the detrital/altered-detrital sediment phases. Some peaks in the Mn distribution downcore appear to correlate among the cores studied, indicating common pulses of hydrothermal plume fallout, The similar Fe/Mn oxide ratios (1.4-1.9) in surficial sediments proximal to the Eastern and Central Lau Spreading Centres, suggest similar plume fallout compositions in these two areas. Mean Mn accumulation rates average 26 mg cm(-2) ka(-1). The hydrothermal sedimentation near the ELSC is probably related to a fully developed hydrothermal plumbing at the spreading centre and thus the ELSC has a good potential for hosting massive sulphide deposits, although a lower hydrothermal input at its northernmost tip may indicate a drop in magmatic activity and mineral potential in the oldest section of this spreading ridge. 498XR Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:42 <Go to ISI>://000172539300009 English 218 17 Daessle, L. W. D. S. Cronan Marine Geology 389-404. 182(3-4) 2002 219 17 Danyushevsky, L. V. T. J. Falloon et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 347-362. 117 1993 220 17 Davis, A. S. D. A. Clague et al., Geol. Jahrb. 481-501. 92 1990 221 17 Day, A. J. C. Peirce et al., Geophys. J. Int. 31-52. 146 2001 222 17 Desbruyeres, D. A. M. Alayse-Danet et al., Marine Geology 227-242. 116 1994 223 17 Dril, S. I. M. I. Kuzmin et al., Marine Geology 57-83. 142 1997 224 17 Durand, P. B, A. et al., Can. J Microbiol. 690-697. 40 1994 225 17 Eguchi, T. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 210-229. 56 1987 226 17 Ewart, A. W. B. Bryan et al., Proc. ODP Sci. Results 385-426. 135 1994 227 17 Ewart, A. K. D. Collerson et al., J. Petrology 331-368. 39 1998 228 17 Ewart, A. C. J. Hakesworth J. Petrol. 495-530. 28 1987 229 17 Ewart, A. J. Hergt et al., Proc. ODP Sci. Results 519-532. 135 1994 230 17 Falloon, T. J. D. H. Green et al., Journal of Petrology 255-277. 40 1999 231 17 Falloon, T. J. A. Malahoff et al., Mineralogy and Petrology 1-35. 47 1992 232 17 Farley, K. N. S. Newman Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union: F731. 77 1994 233 17 Fischer, K. M. K. C. Creager et al., J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 14403-14427. 96 1991 234 17 Fischer, K. M. M. Parmentier et al., J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 16181-16191. 105 2000 235 17 Fischer, K. M. D. A. Wiens Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 253-260. 142 1996 236 17 Forsyth, D. W. S. C. Webb et al., Science 1235-1238. 280 1998 237 17 Foucher, J. L. et al., C.R.Acad. Sci.Paris 609-616. 30 1988 238 17 Fouquet, Y. E. Marcoux J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 6025-6039. 100 1995 240 17 Fouquet, Y. U. v. Stackelberg et al., Geology 303306. 19 1991 241 17 Fouquet, Y. U. v. Stackelberg et al., Economic Geology 21542181. 88 1993 239 17 Fouquet, Y. U. V. Stackelberg et al., Nature Nature 778-781. 349 1991 242 17 Frenzel, G. R. Muhe et al., Geol. Jahrb. 395-479. 92 1990 243 17 Fujiwara, T. T. Yamazaki et al., Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 253-264. 185 2001 244 17 Galkin, S. V. Marine Geology 142 1997 245 17 Geistdoerfer, P. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 91-97. Ser. III.: 312 (3) 1991 404 17 C. R. German E. T. Baker D. P. Connelly J. E. Lupton J. Resing R. D. Prien S. L. Walker H. N. Edmonds C. H. Langmuir Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Q11022 7 11 r2k-h lau 2006 doi:10.1029/2006GC001324 246 17 Giardini, D. J. H. Woodhouse Nature Nature 505-509. 307 1984 247 17 Gilbert, H. J. A. F. Sheehan et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 1855-1858. 28 2001 248 17 Gill, J. B. Geol. Soc. America Bull. 1384-1395. 87 1976 249 17 Guinot, D. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (France) 879-903. (4 Ser.) 11 1989 250 17 Gurnis, M. J. Ritsema et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2373-2376. 27 2000 251 6 Gustafson, R. G. R. A. Lutz Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos.%I Columbia University Press 76-97. 1994 NY 252 17 Hall, C. E. K. M. Fischer et al., J Geophys. Res. 28009-28033. 105 2000 253 17 Hamburger, M. W. B. L. Isacks Nature Nature 599-604. 332 1988 254 17 Harding, A. J. G. M. Kent et al., Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1115. 81 2000 256 5 Hawkins, J. W. C. A. Burk C. L. Drake The Geology of Continental Margins. 505-520. 1974 New York Springer-Verlag: 257 17 Hawkins, J. W. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 283-297. 28 1976 258 5 Hawkins, J. W. M. Talwani W. C. Pitman Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches, and Back Arc Basins, Maurice Ewing Series,1. 355-365. 1977 Washington, D.C. American Geophysical Union. 259 17 Hawkins, J. W. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 879-908. 135 1994 255 5 Hawkins, J. W. B. Taylor Back-Arc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism. 63-138. 1995 Plenum Press: 260 5 Hawkins, J. W. B. Taylor J. Natland Active Margins and Marginal Basins. AGU Monograph 88 125-174. 1995 261 17 Hawkins, J. W. S. Helu Eos Trans. AGU 378. 67 1986 262 17 Hawkins, J. W. J. T. Melchior J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 11431-11468. 90 1985 382 17 Hergt, J. Woodhead, J. Univ Melbourne, Sch Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta A633-A633 69 10 2005 MAY 0016-7037 ISI:000229399702045 Suppl. S 930EX Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 <Go to ISI>://000229399702045 English 263 17 Hergt, J. M. K. N. Farley Proc. ODP Sci. Results 471-486. 135 1994 264 17 Hergt, J. M. C. J. Hawkesworth Proc. ODP Sci. Results 505-518. 135 1994 265 17 Herzig, P. M. D. Hannington et al., Pacific. Econ. Geol 2182-2209. 88 1993 266 17 Herzig, P. U. v. Stackelberg et al., Mar.Min. 271-301. 9 1990 267 17 Herzig, P. M. D. Hannington et al., Mineral Deposits 226-237. 33 1998 268 17 Hilton, D. R. K. Hammerschmidt et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2819-2841. 57 1993 269 17 Holt, W. E. Geophys. Res. Lett. 989992. 22 1995 270 17 Honda, M. D. Patterson et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 135-148. 120 1993 271 17 Hughes Clarke, J. E. P. Jarvis et al., Geo-Mar. Lett. 98-106. 13 1993 272 17 Humes, A. G. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (France) 212-234. (4 Ser.) 13 (1-2) 1991 273 17 Iidaka, T. F. Niu Geophys. Res. Lett. 863-866. 28 2001 274 6 Isacks, B. J. B. M. Barazangi M. Talwani W. C. Pitman 99-114. 1977 Washington, D. C. Am. Geophys. Union,: 275 17 Isacks, B. J. O. L. R. Sykes J.Geophys. Res. 5855-5899. 73 1968 410 17 Ishibashi, J. Lupton, J. E. Yamaguchi, T. Querellou, J. Nunoura, T. Takai, K. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 13-17 87 2 2006 276 5 Ishibashi, J. T. Urabe B. Taylor: ed Tectonics and Magmatism 451-495. 1995 Plenum Press 412 17 Jacobs, Allison M. Harding, Alistair J. Kent, Graham M. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 239-255 259 3-4 back-arc ridges oceanic crustal structure multichannel seismic survey velocity modeling Lau basin r2k-cs 2007 Located west of the Tonga trench, the Lau back-arc basin is a prime environment for studying the interplay between oceanic spreading systems and an active subduction zone. Within the basin lie two complementary, intermediate-rate spreading systems, the Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC) and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center/Valu Fa Ridge (ELSC/VFR), that are positioned 170 to 40 km away from the active volcanic arc, respectively. Multichannel seismic (MCS) images of both systems reveal systematic variations in axial crustal structure primarily related to the proximity of the volcanic arc, but also related to spreading rate, morphology, and petrology. Upper crustal refraction data selected from the along-axis seismic lines collected during the 1999 MCS survey were modeled in both the time-versus-range (t-x) and intercept time-versus-slowness ([tau]-p) domains to provide validation and detail to the seismic reflection observations. The results show that as both the proximity to the arc and the spreading rate decrease southward: 1) seismic layer 2A thickens by 0.6 km between the CLSC and VFR, from 0.4 km to 1.0 km, 2) the average depth of the axial magma chamber (AMC) increases from 1.5 km at the CLSC to 2.8 km at the southern VFR, excluding the northern section of the ELSC that shows no continuous AMC reflector, but does show an isolated melt sill, 3) the upper crustal basement velocity decreases from 2.1 km/s at the CLSC to 1.8 km/s at the VFR, and 4) the velocities of both layer 2A and 2B decrease between the CLSC and northern VFR from 3.2 to 2.5 km/s and 5.0 to 3.9 km/s, respectively. Along with a broad axial high morphology, these features of the CLSC -- thinner layer 2A, shallower AMC, and faster crustal velocities -- correlate best with the fast spreading East Pacific Rise and intermediate spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge. Conversely, the structural characteristics of the central ELSC/VFR have no known counterpart in the global mid-ocean ridge system. We attribute this primarily to the volatile concentration in the magmas coming from the Tonga subduction zone. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V61-4NJ0TN3-6/2/aefeb495cfb6f687fdbd796bf047f256 277 17 Jenner, G. A. P. A. Cawood et al., J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 209222. 32 1987 278 17 Kamenetsky, V. S. A. J. Crawford et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205-223. 151 1997 279 17 Karig, D. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 239-254. 75 1970 405 17 Katherine A. Kelley Terry Plank Timothy L. Grove Edward M. Stolper Sally Newman Erik Hauri J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. B09208 111 r2k-m 2006 doi:10.1029/2005JB003732 388 17 Kent, A. J. R. Peate, D. W. Newman, S. Stolper, E. M. Pearce, J. A. Kent, AJR Danish Lithosphere Ctr, Oster Voldgade 1350, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Danish Lithosphere Ctr, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Univ Wales Coll Cardiff, Dept Earth Sci, Cardiff CF1 3YE, S Glam, Wales Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 361-377 202 2 lau basin chlorine subduction back-arc basins magma contamination back-arc basin valu-fa ridge island-arc mantle metasomatism southwest pacific subduction zones aqueous fluids basalt glasses loihi-seamount western alps 2002 SEP 15 0012-821X ISI:000178226400013 Measurements of chlorine concentrations in matrix glasses from 18 primitive (> 6 wt% MgO) and eight evolved lavas from active spreading centers in the Lau Basin back-arc system provide insight into the processes which control chlorine concentrations in subduction-related magmas, and can be used to investigate chlorine enrichment related to fluids derived from the underlying subducted slab. Chlorine contents of the glasses are highly variable (0.008-0.835 wt%) and generally high with respect to uncontaminated mid-ocean ridge basalt. Chlorine contents are highest in fractionated lavas from propagating ridge tips and lowest in more primitive, basaltic lavas. Two different styles of enrichment in chlorine (relative to other incompatible elements) are recognized. Glasses from the Central Lau Spreading and Eastern Lau Spreading Center typically have low Ba/Nb ratios indicating minimal input of slab-derived components, and high to very high ratios of chlorine relative to K2O, H2O, and TiO2. This style of chlorine enrichment is highest in the most fractionated samples and is consistent with crustal assimilation of chlorine-rich altered ocean crust material. Data from the literature suggest that contamination by chlorine-rich seawater-derived components also characterizes the Woodlark Basin and North Fiji Basin back-arc systems. The second style of chlorine enrichment reflects input from slab-derived fluid(s) to the mantle wedge from the adjacent Tonga subduction zone. Basaltic glasses from the Valu Fa Ridge and Mangatolu Triple Junction show correlations between ratios of chlorine and K2O, H2O, and TiO2 and indices of slab-derived fluid input such as Ba/Nb, Ba/Th and U/Th, consistent with chlorine in these lavas originating from a saline fluid added to the mantle wedge. Within the Valu Fa Ridge the measured range of chlorine contents equates to a chlorine flux of 224-1120 kg/m/yr to the back-arc crust. Using a simple melting model and additional data from other back-arc and arc sample suites we conclude that chlorine is a major component within the slab fluids that contribute to many arc and back-arc melting systems, and probably plays an important role in regulating trace element transport by slab fluids in the mantle wedge. For the back-arc suites we have examined the estimated Cl/H2O and Cl/K2O ratios in the slab fluid component correlate with proximity to the arc front, suggesting that progressive dehydration of the slab and/or re-equilibration and transport within the mantle wedge may influence the overall degree of chlorine enrichment within the slab fluid component. The degree of chlorine enrichment observed in most back-arc lavas also appears too great to be explained solely by melting of amphibole, phlogopite or apatite within the mantle source and suggests that chlorine must be present in another phase, possibly a chlorine-rich fluid. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 597MY Times Cited:14 Cited References Count:59 <Go to ISI>://000178226400013 English 280 17 Koper, K. D. A. Wiens et al., J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 15089-15104. 104 1999 407 17 Langmuir, C. H. Bézos, A. Escrig, S. Parman, S.W. Geophysical Monograph Series Geophysical Monograph Series Back-arc spreading systems: geological, biological, chemical and physical interactions r2k-m petrology 2006 281 17 Lawver, L. A. J. W. Hawkins Tectonophysics 323-339. 45 1978 282 17 Lawver, L. A. J. W. Hawkins et al., Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 27-35. 33 1976 283 17 Lécuyer, C. M. Dubois et al., J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 17911-17927. 104 1999 284 17 Lein, A. Y. N. V. Pimenov et al., Marine Geology 142 1997 285 17 Lisitsyn, A. P. A. R. Malahoff et al., Int. Geol. Rev 828-847. 34(8) 1992 286 17 Llanos, J. C. Capasso et al., Curr. Microbiol. 201-205. 41 2000 287 17 Longnecker, K. A. L. Reysenbach FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 287-293. 35 r2k-bi 2001 288 17 Loock, G. W. F. McDonough et al., Marine Mining 235-245. 9 1990 398 17 Lupton, J. E. Pyle, D. G. Jenkins, W. J. Greene, R. Evans, L. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 5 1 2004 289 17 MacGregor, L. M. Sinha et al., Geophys. J. Int. 217-236. 146 2001 396 17 MacGregor, L. M. Greer, A. A. Sinha, M. C. Peirce, C. LITHOS Science Report 121–130 4 2002 290 17 Macpherson, C. G. D. P. Mattey Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 263-276. 121 1994 291 17 Macpherson, C. G. D. P. Mattey Chem. Geol. 177-194. 144 1998 292 17 Martinez, F. B. Taylor Nature Nature 417-420. 416 2002 406 17 Martinez, F Taylor, B Geophysical Monograph Series Geophysical Monograph Series 5-30 166 r2k-cs/m lau 2006 doi:10.1029/166GM03 403 17 Martinez, F. Taylor, B. Baker, E. T. Resing, J. A. Walker, S. L. Martinez, F Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, 1680 E-W Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA Univ Washington, JISA, NOAA, PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 655-672 245 3-4 r2k-cs/h r2k-cs/cp lau back-arc ridges crustal accretion variables hydrothermal activity faulting ridge morphology valu-fa-ridge magma chamber beneath mantle flow southwest pacific oceanic crustal midocean ridges plate boundary mariana trough basin systematics 2006 MAY 30 0012-821X ISI:000238672500014 Along back-are ridges located near the arc volcanic front, crustal thickness is observed to vary systematically with arc proximity independent of spreading rate. This effect is especially well expressed by the similar to 400-km-long Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC) where, approaching the arc volcanic front (from similar to 100 to 40 km), crustal thickness nearly doubles (similar to 5.5-9 km) as spreading rates decrease by more than half (97-39 mm/yr). The crustal thickness variations at the ELSC appear to result primarily from changes in mantle wedge composition caused by subduction. We investigated the effects of these large and opposed crustal thickness and spreading rate variations on ridge morphology, faulting, and hydrothermal activity as part of the first phase of RIDGE2000 Integrated Studies in the Lau back-are basin. We used deep-towed side-scan sonar instruments (DSL120A and IMI30) to continuously map the near-axis region within broader-coverage ship multibeam bathymetry and acoustic imagery swaths. An array of optical sensors (MAPRs) concurrently surveyed the near-bottom water for hydrothermal plume anomalies. Hydrocasts made at identified plume sites confirmed their hydrothermal origin. The data show that as spreading rates increase and crustal thicknesses decrease along the ELSC: (1) morphology transitions from shallow peaked volcanic highs to a deeper flat axis; (2) faults become larger and more widely spaced; (3) hydrothermal activity, as measured by plume incidence, increases and appears to reach levels higher than the global mid-ocean ridge trend with spreading rate. The observations indicate that crustal thickness (magma supply) has a greater control on ridge morphology and faulting than spreading rate, even at fast rates where the thermal lithosphere should be thin. However, heat input from mantle advection proportional to spreading rate, perhaps in combination with increased fault permeability, appears to have a greater control on hydrothermal activity than crustal thickness and the magmatic robustness of the ridge. Although subduction effects give rise to the opposed trends in crustal thickness and spreading rate at the ELSC, the observed effects may have generic implications for controls of seafloor spreading characteristics at mid-ocean ridges. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 058NU Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:81 <Go to ISI>://000238672500014 English 293 17 Metivier, B. R. Von Cosel C. R. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 3) (Sci. Vie/Life Sci.) 229-237. 316 1993 294 17 Millen, D. W. M. W. Hamburger Geology 659-662. 26 1998 295 17 Miura, T. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington D.C. 532-543. 107 1994 296 17 Miura, T. D. Desbruyeres Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington D.C. 583-595. 108 1995 297 17 Moraga, D. D. Jollivet et al., Deep-Sea Research 1551-1567. 41 1994 298 5 Morton, J. L. N. H. Sleep Geology and offshore resources of Pacific Island arcs Tonga region. D. W. Scholl and T. L. Vallier. 441-453. 1985 Houston Circum Pacific Council for Energy & Mineral Resources 299 17 Nautilau, G. Eos 678-679. 71 1990 300 17 Newman, W. A. M. Tavares Zoosystema 71-84. 22 2000 301 17 Newman, W. A. T. Yamaguchi Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (France). 4e serie. Section A. Zoologie biologie: et ecologie animales. Pari 221-243. 17 1995 302 17 Nishizawa, A. N. Takahashi et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 25492552. 26 1999 303 17 Okutani, T. S. Ohta Venus Jap. J. Malacol./Kaizatsu 217-221. 52 1993 304 17 Parson, L. M. J. W. Hawkins Proc. ODP Sci. Results: 819-828. 135 1994 305 17 Parson, L. M. J. W. Hawkins et al., Proc. ODP Init. Reports 81-82. 135 1992 306 17 Parson, L. M. J. W. Hawkins et al., Proc. ODP Init. Rpts. 5-47. 135 1992 307 17 Parson, L. M. J. A. Pearce et al., Geology 470-473. 18 1990 308 17 Parson, L. M. D. L. Tiffin Geo-Mar Lett. 107-115. 13 1993 309 17 Parson, L. M. I. C. Wright Tectonophysics 1-22. 263 1996 310 17 Pearce, J. A. M.Ernewein, et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 53-75. 81 1995 311 17 Peate, D. W. T. F. Kokfelt et al., J. Petrology 1449-1470. 42 2001 312 17 Peirce, C. I. M. Turner et al., Geophys. J. Int. 53-73. 146 2001 313 17 Pelletier, B. S. Calmant et al., Earth Planet Sci Lett. 263-276. 164 1998 314 17 Pelletier, B. Y. Lagabrielle et al., Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 347-358. 193 2001 315 17 Pelletier, B. Y. Lagabrielle et al., Ridge Events 7-9. 11 2001 316 17 Pelletier, B. R. Louat Tectonophysics 237-250. 165 1989 317 17 Pillet, R. D. Rouland et al., Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 211-234. 110 1999 318 17 Pineau, F. M. Javoy et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 299-307. 28 1976 319 17 Poreda, R. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 244-254. 76 1985 320 17 Poreda, R. H. Craig Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 319-329. 119 1993 321 17 Reay, A. J. M. Rooke et al., Geology 605-606. 2 1974 322 17 Regelous, M. K. D. Collerson et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 291-302. 150 1997 323 17 Reich, V. V. Marchig et al., Marine Mining 183204. 9 1990 408 17 Anna-Louise Reysenbach Yitai Liu Amy B. Banta Terry J. Beveridge Julie D. Kirshtein Stefan Schouten Margaret K. Tivey Karen L. Von Damm Mary A. Voytek Nature Nature 444-447 442 27 July 2006 r2k-bi r2k-d lau 2006 |doi:10.1038/nature04921 389 17 Rogers, T. D. S. Hodkinson, R. A. Cronan, D. S. Cronan, Ds Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2BP, England Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch Environm Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2BP, England Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 245-268 19 4 lau basin hydrothermalism manganese geochemistry tonga ridge back-arc basin de-fuca ridge sw pacific island-arc geochemistry metallogenesis mineralization birnessite chemistry fluids 2001 OCT-DEC 1064-119X ISI:000173135500002 Hydrothermal Mn-oxide deposits from the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge and the Valu Fa Ridge back-arc spreading center in the Lau Basin have been studied mineralogically and by bulk and partition geochemical techniques. The Mn-oxides are present as three main morphological types; of these, a dense, grey submetallic material is most common. Common lamination of this material suggests an intermittent rate of formation, Mineralogically. the crusts comprise variable proportions of 10Angstrom and 7Angstrom manganite, Concentrations of some trace elements, including Li. Mo, and Zn are generally significantly higher than those observed in Mn-crusts of hydrogenous origin, suggesting that the observed trace clement enrichments are due to a hydrothermal source. Both temporal and geographical controls are seen to affect these trace element concentrations. Although most of the hydrothermally enriched elements are associated with the Mn-oxide phases, Li appears to reflect either a surficial adsorption or the presence of a separate Li-rich phase. Observed variations in deposit composition could reflect differences in the geochemistry of the basement rocks from which the elements have been leached, the proximity of high-temperature sulphide deposits and temporal variability in the hydrothermal systems. 509FK Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:38 <Go to ISI>://000173135500002 English 384 17 Rosner, M. Rhede, D. Erzinger, J. Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta A599-A599 68 11 2004 JUN 0016-7037 ISI:000221923401059 Suppl. S 827TH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:0 <Go to ISI>://000221923401059 English 324 17 Roth, E. D. A. Wiens et al., J Geophys. Res. 4795-4809. 104 1999 325 17 Roth, E. G. D. A. Wiens et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 1223-1226. 26 1999 326 17 Rothwell, R. G. U. Bednarz et al., Proc. ODP Sci. Results 829-842. 135 1994 386 17 Ruellan, E. Delteil, J. Wright, I. Matsumoto, T. Ruellan, E CNRS, Geosci Azur UMR 6526, 250 Rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France CNRS, Geosci Azur UMR 6526, F-06560 Valbonne, France Univ Nice, Geosci Azur UMR 6526, F-06560 Valbonne, France NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237, Japan Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems - 4 backarc basin southwest pacific spreading rifting subduction tectonic marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes marine geology and geophysics : seafloor morphology and bottom photography tectonophysics : plate boundary-general information related to geographic region : pacific ocean arc basin magnetic-anomalies marginal basins western pacific plate motions evolution ridge extension 2003 MAY 30 1525-2027 ISI:000183302100001 Associated with Pacific-Australia plate convergence, the Lau Basin-Havre Trough is an active back-arc basin that has been opened since similar to5.5 Ma by rifting and southward propagating oceanic spreading. Current back-arc opening rates decrease from 159 mm yr(-1) in the northern Lau Basin to 15 mm y(-1) in the southern Havre Trough. Major tectonic changes occur at the transition between Havre Trough rifting and full oceanic spreading of the Eastern Lau Spreading Center (ELSC), where the oblique-to-trench, westward subducting Louisville Seamount Chain (LSC) sweeps southwards along the Tonga trench. New swath bathymetry, seismic reflection data, and limited rock sampling in this area constrain a tectonic and kinematic back-arc model that incorporates the effects of LSC subduction. The ELSC, which extends southward to 24degrees55'S, forms a deep rift valley propagating southward through older, rifted arc basement. Present-day seismicity and fresh and fractured pillow lavas at 23degrees42'S are consistent with rift valley neovolcanism. Conversely, the northern Havre Trough has low seismicity and rifted volcanic basement ridges trending 25-45degrees oblique to the basin axis consistent with low levels of extensional tectonism and volcanism. This latter structural fabric is interpreted as an early stage of rifting that is now "locked'' due to compression on the arc exerted by LSC subduction, while in the Lau Basin such effects have passed as the LSC swept along the Tonga Trench. It is proposed that the Lau-Havre back-arc opening is controlled by tectonic constraints exerted at the limits of the system by the LSC subduction, which determines the southward migration of the Tonga Arc pole of rotation and associated Lau Basin opening. A discrete three-stage back-arc opening evolution is proposed, comprising: (1) an initial phase of back-arc rifting along the whole length of the plate boundary, beginning at similar to6-5 Ma; (2) a subsequent phase, mostly present in the southern part of the back-arc domain and still active in the Havre Trough, of transpression and transtension, starting at similar to4 Ma in the north, as the LSC starts to subduct and sweeps southward along the Tonga trench; and (3) a renewed opening phase in the northern segment of the back-arc domain, with rifting and spreading, starting at similar to3.5 Ma, as subduction of the LSC along the northern Tonga trench is progressively completed. 686CC Times Cited:5 Cited References Count:41 <Go to ISI>://000183302100001 English 327 17 Saint Laurent, M. E. Macpherson Zoosystema 721-727. 19 1997 378 17 Schardt, C. Large, R. Yang, J. W. Schardt, C Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA Univ Tasmania, CODES ARC Ctr Excellence Ore Deposits, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Univ Windsor, Dept Earth Sci, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada American Journal of Science American Journal of Science 103-134 306 2 de-fuca-ridge valu-fa-ridge upper oceanic-crust back-arc basin thermal balance model mid-atlantic ridge east-pacific rise spreading-center sw pacific laboratory experiments 2006 FEB 0002-9599 ISI:000237933300002 A numerical model has been developed to investigate heat and fluid migration in a modem off-axis seafloor hydrothermal system, that is, hydrothermal activity and fluid discharge distal to an axial magma chamber emphasizing model geometry, rock/fault properties and fault distribution. The model is based on geophysical data and seafloor observations of the Lau back-arc basin and results suggest a different hydrothermal convection scheme than axial hydrothermal systems. Major hydrothermal activity is predicted to occur at topographic highs due to significant fluid migration along inferred basement topography off-axis with associated permeability differences. Major hydrothermal fluid discharge occurs at off-axis topographic elevated positions with temperatures (150 degrees C - 450 degrees C) and exit fluid velocities (similar to 4 m/s), in good agreement with seafloor observation and theoretical calculations. Heuristic mass calculations pertaining to the formation of massive sulfide deposits imply that a significant base metal sulfide deposit (5 Mt at 10% Cu + Zn) may form in less than 6,000 years, assuming a fluid containing a maximum of 10 ppm base metals and a deposition efficiency of 10 percent. The size and distribution patterns of massive sulfide deposits are determined primarily by fault distribution, provided that adequate fluid flow pathways and heat supply exist. 048FP Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:118 <Go to ISI>://000237933300002 English 395 17 Schöne, B. R. Giere, O. Deep-sea research. Part 1. Oceanographic research papers 1896-1910 52 10 2005 397 17 Schulze, A. Halanych, K. M. Hydrobiologia 199-205 496 1 2003 328 17 Sclater, J. G. J. W. Hawkins et al., Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 505-518. 83 1972 329 17 Sinha, M. C. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 15,025-15,043. 100 1995 330 17 Smith, G. P. D. A. Wiens et al., EOS Trans. AGU 637. 79 1998 331 17 Smith, G. P. D. A. Wiens et al., Science 713-716. 292 2001 332 5 Southward, A. J. W. A. Newman Biscoito, M. Cary, C. Dixon, D. Wilson, C. Cahiers de biologie marine 259-262. 39 1998 333 17 Southward, E. C. Journal of Natural History 859-881. 25 1991 334 17 Stern, R. J. Geol. Soc. Am. 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Sun, WD Max Planck Inst F Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany Max Planck Inst F Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Univ Tasmania, Ctr Ore Deposit Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Univ Tasmania, Sch Earth Sci, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 101-114 222 1 re enrichment arc magma lau basin valu-fa ridge britain island-arc papua-new-guinea ablation icp-ms izu-bonin arc mantle wedge subduction zones oceanic-crust noble-gases tectonic implications 2004 MAY 15 0012-821X ISI:000221502000008 Rhenium and other trace element data were obtained in situ by laser ablation ICP-MS analysis of submarine-erupted volcanic glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Valu Fa Ridge, the south tip of the Lau Basin, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The chemistry of the Lau Basin basaltic glasses changes systematically from compositions similar to MORB in the Lau Spreading Centers, to more arc-like compositions in the Valu Fa Ridge, providing geochemical profiles both along the Lau Spreading Centers (ridges) and across the Valu Fa Ridge. The east seamount samples of the Valu Fa Ridge have diagnostic trace element ratios (Ba/Nb, Nb/U, Ce/Pb) close to global arc averages, with high Ba/La, indicating addition of considerable amounts of subduction-released fluids. In contrast, samples from the west seamount and the Lau Spreading Centers show a smaller influence from subduction fluids. The variable degrees of subduction influences apparent in the chemistry of these suites provide an ideal means to explore the mechanisms of Re enrichment in undegassed arc magmas. All of the analyzed arc melts have significantly higher Re concentrations than previously published, largely subaerially erupted samples, confirming that high Re is a characteristic of undegassed arc magmas. The east seamount samples are characterized by higher Re and lower Yb/Re than the more MORB-like Lau Spreading Center lavas. The lack of correlation between Yb/Re and Fo of host olivine suggests that low Yb/Re is not due to magmatic differentiation. When the Lau Basin sample suite is plotted together with MORB data, Yb/Re is positively correlated with Ce/Pb and Nb/U, and negatively correlated with Ba/Nb, indicating that Re is much more mobile than Yb during dehydration of subducted slabs. Thus, Re enrichment in arc magmas is likely due to addition of Re via fluids released from subducted slabs; the recognition of high Re in arcs favors arguments for a slab origin of radiogenic Os-187/Os-188 components in arc rocks. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. 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