4 17 Airriess, C. J. J. Childress Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 208–214 187 Malacostraca 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10508 Biophysics--Membrane Phenomena 10606 External Effects--Pressure 10614 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable 1971- 14504 Cardiovascular System--Physiology and Biochemistry 64054 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Arthropoda-Crustacea 10066 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Lipids Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Crustaceans Research Article Bythograea Thermydron Lipid Bilayer Cellular Membrane Organellar Membrane Heartbeat Frequency Bradycardia Acardia East Pacific Ocean 1994 Specimens of the hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron, collected from 13 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise, were exposed to pressures greater than those in their natural habitat over a range of temperatures to assess how increased hydrostatic pressure affects a species that requires high pressure to survive. We measured heart beat frequency and contraction waveform at pressures ranging from 28 MPa (normal environmental pressure for this species) to 62 MPa at 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 20 degrees C. At 5 degrees C, increased hydrostatic pressure induced bradycardia or acardia in conjunction with marked disruption of the ventricular contraction waveform. The animals did not survive following decompression. The effects of increased pressure were less pronounced at 10 degrees C and almost negligible at 20 degrees C. Our results support previous findings at subambient pressures which suggest that the lipid bilayers of cell and organelle membranes are the primary sites affected by short-term pressure variation in deep-sea organisms. We also found evidence of an adaptive mechanism of pressure-temperature interaction in these animals from the eurythermic habitat of the hydrothermal vents. 3 17 Alayse-Danet, A. M. D. Desbruyères F. Gaill Symbiosis 51–62 4 toxicity, ALVINELLA-POMPEJANA ALVINELLA-CAUDATA RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA CALYPTOGENA-MAGNIFICA SUBMARINE HYDROTHERMAL VENTS EAST PACIFIC RISE| 1987 1 5 Alayse-Danet, A.M. Gaill, F. Desbruyères, D. P. E. Gibbs Proceedings of the XIXXth European Marine Biology Symposium 167–172 SYMBIOSIS HYDROTHERMAL VENT METABOLITE EXCHANGE| 1985 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2 17 Alayse-Danet, A.M. Gaill, F. Desbruyères, D. Marine Ecology Marine Ecology Marine Ecology Marine Ecology 233–240 7 3 alvinellid, ALVINELLA-POMPEJANA ALVINELLA-CAUDATA PARALVINELLA-GRASSLEI POGONOPHORE BIVALVE SUBMARINE HYDROTHERMAL VENT EPIBIOTIC BACTERIA CHEMOAUTOTROPHY SYMBIOSIS| 1986 Three species of Alvinellidae are found on walls of some hydrothermal chimneys at 13.degree.N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR); numerous epibiotic bacteria were associated with two of these polychaetes, Alvinella pompejana and Alvinella caudata, but not with the third, Paralvinella grasslei. Many studies suggest that chemoautotrophic bacteria play a prominent role in deep-sea hydrotherpogonophores and bivalve molluscs. The abundant epibioses observed on these Alvinella species are unusual and the relationships between these bacteria and the worms are unknown. Previous results, including 13C values, morphological insertion of the bacteria on the epidermis, presence of ribulos biphosphate carboxylase, and fixation of 14C bicarbonate in some bacteria and in the dorsal epidermis, suggest that a trophic relationship could exist between Alvinella and its epibiotic bacteria. The present study compared the incorporation area of 14C bicarbonate in the 3 species. Paralvinella, which is devoid of epibiotic bacteria, served as a control. Horst's 537 17 Allan, J. F. Batiza, R. Perfit, M. R. Fornari, D. J. Sack, R. O. Journal of Petrology Journal of Petrology 1245-1298 30 5 1989 5 17 Arndt, C. Schiedek, D. Felbeck, H. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 151-158 174 Riftia pachyptila anaerobic metabolism hypoxia hydrothermal vents Deep-sea environment nitrate respiration energy-metabolism galapagos rift polychaeta tubeworms transport springs field 1998 The metabolic capabilities of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila to tolerate short- and long-term exposure to hypoxia were investigated. After incubating specimens under anaerobic conditions the metabolic changes in body fluids and tissues were analyzed over time. The tube worms tolerated anoxic exposure up to 60 h. Prior to hypoxia the dicarboxylic acid, malate, was found in unusually high concentrations in the blood (up to 26 mM) and tissues (up to 5 pmol g(-1) fresh wt). During hypoxia, most of the malate was degraded very quickly, while large quantities of succinate accumulated (blood: about 17 mM; tissues: about 13 mu mol g(-1) fresh wt). Volatile, short-chain fatty acids were apparently not excreted under these conditions. The storage compound, glycogen, was mainly found in the trophosome and appears to be utilized only during extended anaerobiosis. The succinate formed during hypoxia does not account for the use of malate and glycogen, which possibly indicates the presence of yet unidentified metabolic end products. Glutamate concentration in the trophosome decreased markedly during hypoxia, presumably due to a reduction in the autotrophic function of the symbionts during hypoxia. In conclusion, R. pachyptila is physiologically well adapted to the oxygen fluctuations frequently occurring in the vent habitat. MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 6 17 Arndt, C. Schiedek, D. Felbeck, H. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 271-273 39 3-4 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 12 5 Arp, A. J. Linzen, B. Invertebrate Oxygen Carriers; International Conference, Tutzing, West Germany, July 129-132 0 RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENT| 1986 7 17 Arp, A.J. J.J. Childress Science Science 342 – 344 213 1981 8 17 Arp, A.J. J.J. Childress Science Science 559 – 561 214 1981 9 17 Arp, A.J. J.J. Childress Science Science Science Science 295 – 297 219 1983 10 17 Arp, A. J. J. J. Childress Fisher, C. R., Jr. Physiol. Zool. Physiological Zoology 648 – 662 57 SHALLOW WATER BIVALVE ENDOSYMBIOTIC BACTERIA HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD GILL FOOT SIPHON CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION OXYGEN CONSUMPTION SULFUR METABOLISM ATP SULFURYLASE MICROHABITAT VARIATION| 1984 Individual C. magnifica are able to regulate their O2 consumption rates down to low partial pressures of O2. Their rates of O2 consumption are comparable to those of active shallow-living bivalves at comparable temperatures. Rates of CO2 production relative to O2 consumption in the absence of sulfide indicate a predominately heterotrophic metabolism. C. magnifica individuals do not show significant uptake of methane so this is unlikely to be an important external metabolite for these clams. Sulfide levels in the blood and gills of freshly recovered clams were high (up to 1.9 mM) and were generally in excess of estimated environmental sulfide levels (< 0.2 mM). S-metabolizing ability (measured as ATP sulfurylase activity) of the gill tissue including endosymbiotic bacteria was substantial and variable, suggesting microhabitat variation. Blood serum separated from erythrocytic Hb showed marked sulfide accumulation and could function for sulfide transport and to protect the sulfide-sensitive Hb by binding free sulfide. The hypothesis that C. magnifica may take up sulfide through the foot (which is extended into the vent water in the rock fissures) and transport it to the bacteria in the gills via the sulfide-binding component in the blood serum while simultaneously taking up O2 and CO2 through the siphon (which is extended upward into the ambient bottom water) is explored. 11 17 Arp, A. J. J. J. Childress Fisher, C. R., Jr. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 289 – 300 6 1985 13 17 Arp, A. J. J. J. Childress R. D. Vetter J. Exp. Biol. 139 – 158 128 1987 14 17 Arp, A. J. Doyle, M. L. Di Cera, E. Gill, S. J. Resp. Physiol. Respiration Physiology 323–334 80 OXYGEN BINDING AFFINITY VASCULAR BLOOD COELOMIC FLUID HYDROTHERMAL VENT ENVIRONMENT| 1990 Riftia pachyptila vascular blood and coelomic fluid contain two hemoglobin molecules that differ in their distribution and physical properties. The present study of the two isolated hemoglobins shows that both have an extremely high affinity for oxygen, but differ in their oxygenation characteristics, FI, the larger molecular weight (Mr) fraction (1700000), has a lower oxygen affinity, a well defined pH Bohr effect, and high cooperativity of oxygen binding. FII, the lower Mr fraction (400000) has a higher oxygen affinity, no pH Bohr effect, and reduced cooperativity of oxygen binding. Both hemoglobins show marked effects of temperature on oxygen binding, and no effect of heme concentration or the presence of sulfide on oxygen affinity. The differences in the oxygenation properties and distribution of the two hemoglobins in the body fluids of Riftia pachyptila may allow them to play different roles in oxygen transport and storage for the animal which lives in the variable environment of the hydrothermal vents. 15 17 Auffret, M. Lepennec, M. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 503–506 72 1993 16 17 Autem, M. Salvidio, S. Pasteur, N. Desbruyères, D. Laubier, L. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, sér. III Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, série III 131-135 301 4 Alvinellids 1985 535 17 Auzende, J. M. Ballu, V. Batiza, R. Bideau, D. Charlou, J. L. Cormier, M. H. Fouquet, Y. Geistdoerfer, P. Lagabrielle, Y. Sinton, J. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 17995-18010 101 B8 1996 408 17 Baker, E. T. Feely, R. A. Mottl, M. J. Sansone, F. T. Wheat, C. G. Resing, J. A. Lupton, J. E. Baker, Et Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,7600 Sand Point Way Ne,Seattle,Wa 98115 Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,Newport,or 97365 Univ Hawaii,Dept Oceanog,Honolulu,Hi 96822 Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1-17 128 1-2 de-fuca ridge mid-atlantic ridge submersible observations geothermal fields midocean ridges juan crest axis 21-degrees-n chemistry 1994 NOV 0012-821X ISI:A1994PV44400001 The interactions between hydrothermal circulation and large-scale geological and geophysical characteristics of the mid-ocean ridge cannot be ascertained without large-scale views of the pattern of hydrothermal venting. Such multi-ridge-segment surveys of venting are accomplished most efficiently by mapping the distribution and intensity of hydrothermal plumes. In November 1991, we mapped hydrothermal temperature (DELTAtheta) and light attenuation (DELTAc) anomalies above the East Pacific Rise (EPR) continuously from 8-degrees-40' to 11-degrees-50'N, a fast spreading ridge crest portion bisected by the Clipperton Transform Fault. Plume distributions show a precise correlation with the distribution of active vents where video coverage of the axial caldera is exhaustive (90-degrees-09'-54'N). Elsewhere in the study area the sketchy knowledge of vent locations gleaned from scattered camera tows predicts only poorly the large-scale hydrothermal pattern revealed by our plume studies. Plumes were most intense between 9-degrees-42' and 9-degrees-54 N', directly over a March/April, 1991, seafloor eruption. These plumes had exceptionally high DELTAc/DELTAtheta ratios compared to the rest of the study area; we suggest that the phase-separated gas-rich vent fluids discharging here fertilize an abundant population of bacteria. Hydrothermal plume distributions define three categories: intense and continous (8-degrees-48'-8-degrees-58'N, 9-degrees-29'-10-degrees-01'N and 11-degrees-05'-11-degrees-27'N), weak and discontinuous (8-degrees-58'-9-degrees-29'N) and negligible. The location of each category is virtually congruent with areas that are, respectively, magmatically robust, magmatically weak and magmatically starved, as inferred from previous measurements of axial bathymetric undulations, cross-axis inflation and magma chamber depth and continuity. This congruency implies a fine-scale spatial and temporal connection between magmatic fluctuations and hydrothermal venting. We thus speculate that, at least along this fast spreading section of the EPR, cyclic replenishment, eruption and freezing of the thin axial melt lens exerts greater control over hydrothermal venting than the more enduring zones of crystal mush and hot rock. We found intense, and continuous, plumes along 33% of the surveyed ridge crest, an observation implying that any point on the ridge is, on average, hydrothermally active one-third of the time. Combining this result with the 20% plume coverage found along the medium-rate Juan de Fuca Ridge suggests that superfast (approximately 150 mm/yr) spreading ridges should support vigorous venting along approximately 50% of their length, if spreading rate and along-axis plume coverage are linearly related. Pv444 Times Cited:38 Cited References Count:50 <Go to ISI>://A1994PV44400001 English 437 17 Baker, E. T. Hey, R. N. Lupton, J. E. Resing, J. A. Feely, R. A. Gharib, J. J. Massoth, G. J. Sansone, F. J. Kleinrock, M. Martinez, F. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 2130 107 2002 543 17 Barth, G. A. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 99-112 128 3-4 1994 544 17 Barth, G. A. Marine Geophysical Researches Marine Geophysical Researches 51-64 16 1 1994 545 17 Barth, G. A. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett 99-112 128 1994 546 17 Barth, G. A. Mutter, J. C. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 17951-17975 101:B8 1996 542 17 Barth, G. A. Mutter, J. C. Madsen, J. A. Geology Geology 994-996 19 10 1991 17 17 Bassaglia, Y. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, sér. III Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, série III 1988 539 17 Batiza, R. Margolis, S. H. Nature Nature 439-441 320 6061 1986 538 17 Batiza, R. Niu, Y. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 97 1992 540 17 Batiza, R. Niu, Y. Karsten, J. L. Boger, W. Potts, E. Norby, L. Butler, R. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 221-224 23 3 1996 536 17 Batiza, R. Vanko, D. Marine geology Marine geology 53-90 54 1-2 1983 549 17 Bazin, S. Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Orcutt, J. A. Singh, S. C. Tong, C. H. Pye, J. W. Barton, P. J. Sinha, M. C. White, R. S. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 30 2 2003 439 17 Bazin, S. Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Orcutt, J. A. Tong, C. H. Pye, J. W. Singh, S. C. Barton, P. J. Sinha, M. C. White, R. S. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH Journal of Geophysical Research 16,101-16,117 106 B8 2001 547 17 Bazin, S. van Avendonk, H. Harding, A. J. Orcutt, J. A. Canales, J. P. Detrick, R. S. Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2213-2216 25 1998 18 17 Belkin, S. Nelson, D. C. Jannasch, H. W. Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 110 – 121 170 1986 404 17 Benjamin, S. B. Haymon, R. M. Benjamin, SB Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems - 7 equatorial pacific excursion orbital modulation paleointensity paleomagnetism marine geology and geophysics : hydrothermal systems marine geology and geophysics : marine hydrogeology marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes mid-atlantic ridge de-fuca ridge current plate motions oceanic-crust northeast pacific galapagos rift low-temperature seamarc-ii oxide deposits dsdp leg-70 2006 MAY 3 1525-2027 ISI:000237445800002 [1] Heat flow data indicate that most hydrothermal heat loss from ocean lithosphere occurs on the flanks of the mid-ocean ridge, but few ridge flank hydrothermal sites are known. We describe the first nonseamount, abyssal hill hydrothermal mineral deposits to be recovered from the fast spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) flanks. Deposits were sampled at two sites on an abyssal hill similar to 5 km east of the EPR axis, just north of Clipperton Fracture Zone at 10 degrees 20'N, on similar to 0.1 Ma lithosphere. "Tevnia Site'' is on the axis-facing fault scarp of the hill, and "Ochre Site'' is located similar to 950 m farther east near the base of the outward-facing slope. Clusters of fragile, biodegradable Tevnia worm tubes at both sites indicate that hydrothermal fluids carried sufficient H2S to sustain Tevnia worms, and that fluid flow waned too recently to allow time for tube destruction. Presence of microbial mats and other biota also are consistent with recent waning of flow. The deposits are mineralogically zoned, from nontronite-celadonite to hydrous Fe-oxide+opaline silica to Mn-oxide (birnessite and todorokite). This places them into a distinctive class of Fe-Si-Mn hydrothermal deposits found along tectonic cracks and faults in young oceanic crust, and suggests that ( 1) deposits precipitated along an O-2 gradient between ambient seawater and hydrothermal fluid; ( 2) fluid temperatures were < 150 degrees C; and ( 3) undiluted fluids were Mg-depleted, and Fe-, K-, Si- and Mn-enriched. These fluids may derive from high temperature seawater-basalt interaction +/- phase separation proximal to the axial melt zone, and lose Cu and Zn before venting due to conductive cooling and/or pH increase. Ochre Site samples are purely hydrothermal; however, Tevnia Site samples incorporate volcanic, sedimentary, and fossil components, and exhibit at least three generations of fracturing and hydrothermal cementation. The Tevnia Site breccias accumulated on the exposed fault scarp, possibly during multiple slip events and hydrothermal pulses as the abyssal hill was uplifted. We hypothesize that frequent earthquakes rejuvenate young abyssal hill hydrothermal systems episodically over 10(4) - 10(5) years, tapping axial heat and hydrothermal fluids, sustaining biota, and likely helping to chill the margins of the axial melt zone. 041HQ Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:112 <Go to ISI>://000237445800002 English 20 17 Black, M. B. K. M. Halanych P. A. Y. Maas W. R. Hoeh J. Hashimoto D. Desbruyères R. A. Lutz R. C. Vrijenhoek Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 141-149 130 1997 Vestimentiferan tubeworms inhabit sulfide-rich environments associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps at continental margins. Twelve species have been described, and several more await formal descriptions. As a group, these worms are best known for their lack of a digestive system in adults and their dependence on endosymbiotic bacteria that supply nutrients derived from chemoautotrophism. The taxonomic status of Vestimentifera has been debated since their discovery. Furthermore, relationships within the Vestimentifera have been difficult to determine by morphological criteria. Several species display considerable phenotypic plasticity, further confounding efforts to establish evolutionary relationships. We used a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene to examine evolutionary relationships among vent-endemic species (Riftia pachyptila, Oasisia alvinae, Ridgeia piscesae, Tevnia jerichonana) and seep-associated species(Escarpia laminata, E. spicata, Lamellibrachia barhami, L. columna, and an undescribed species) of these worms. The molecular data placed these vestimentiferan taxa within the phylum Pogonophora. The pogonophoran clade (including vestimentiferans) was then linked to the Annelida. Examination of sequence divergence suggests that extant vestimentiferans constitute a recent evolutionary radiation that diversified as a paraphyletic assemblage of seep-associated taxa (including the genera Lamellibrachia and Escarpia) and then gave rise to a clade of vent-endemic taxa (genera Riftia, Oasisia, Ridgeia and Tevnia). 19 17 Black, M. B. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 33–39 120 dispersal Pogonophora 03506 Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal 03509 Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics 1972- 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10802 Enzymes--General and Comparative Studies Coenzymes 10808 Enzymes--Physiological Studies 12100 Movement 1971- 23001 Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation--General Measurement and Methods 63546 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Pogonophora 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Allozyme Stepping-Stone Model Dispersal 1994 Allozyme data are presented for six discrete populations of the giant hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones, 1981 collected throughout the species' known range along mid-ocean spreading ridges of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Contrary to an earlier report, levels of genetic variation are relatively high in this species. Estimates of gene flow based on F-statistics revealed that dispersal throughout the surveyed region is sufficiently high to counter random processes that would lead to losses of genetic diversity and significant population differentiation. R. pachyptila, like other species of tube worms, displays considerable morphologic variation among populations, but this diversity is not reflected in allozyme variation. Vestimentifera, in general, appear to show extensive phenotypic plasticity. In the light of the available genetic data, caution is warranted when making inferences about the taxonomic status of collections based on morphological variation alone. A general decrease in estimated rates of gene flow between geographically more distant populations supports the hypothesis that dispersal in this species follows a stepping-stone model, with exchange between neighboring populations in great excess of long-distance dispersal. High levels of gene flow have been recorded in a variety of vent fauna and may be a prerequisite for success of species found in the ephemeral habitats associated with regions of sea-floor hydrothermal activity. 21 17 Black, M. B. A. Trivedi P. A. Y. Maas R. A. Lutz R. C. Vrijenhoek Deep-Sea Res. II Deep-Sea Research Part II 365–382 45 1998 22 17 Blum, J. I. Fridovich Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 617 – 620 228 1984 23 17 Boetius, A. Felbeck, H. Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 105–113 122 Riftia, chemoautotrophy, symbiosis, calyptogena, bythograea 1995 The present study demonstrates the potential hydrolytic activities in the symbiont-containing tissues of the vent invertebrates Riftia pachyptila, Bathymodiolus thermophilus collected in 1991 at the East Pacific Rise and the shallow-water bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata collected in 1991 from the Santa Barbara Basin . Activities of phosphatases, esterases, beta-glucuronidase and leucine-aminopeptidase were comparable to those of digestive tract tissues of other marine invertebrates. A lack in most glycosidases as well as in trypsin and chymotrypsin was observed. Activities of lysozyme and chitobiase were rather high. In all vent invertebrates with symbionts and in L. aequizonata, the symbiont-containing tissues and the symbiont-free tissues had similar levels of enzymatic activities, indicating that polymeric nutrients could be hydrolysed after release from the symbionts and cellular uptake. The high activities of alpha-fucosidase in all vent invertebrates as well as in the shallow-water bivalve L. aequizonata could point to the existence of a yet undescribed substrate available to hydrolysation. The ectosymbionts-carrying polychaete Alvinella pompejana collected in 1991 at the East Pacific Rise, EPR shows high lysozyme activities in its gut, consistent with the proposed food source of bacteria. For the vent crab Bythogrea thermydron also collected in 1991 at the EPR hydrolytic activities were highest in the gut, dominated by esterase and peptidase activities which support their proposed carnivorous food source. A snail and a limpet collected from R. pachyptila tubes showed high levels of chitobiase suggesting a food source of grazed bacteria or ingested R. pachyptila tube. 495 17 Bohnenstiehl, D. R. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1293 121 2007 507 17 Bortnikov, N. S. Sagalevish, A. M. Simonov, V. A. Ikorskii, S. V. Terenya, E. O. Kamenskii, I. L. Avedisyan, A. A. Stavrova, O. O. Dranichnikova, V. V. Doklady Earth Sciences Doklady Earth Sciences 437-440 413 3 2007 403 17 Bowles, J. Gee, J. S. Kent, D. V. Perfit, M. R. Soule, S. A. Fornari, D. J. Bowles, J Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr,MC 0220, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Q06006 7 r2k-cs geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : paleointensity geomagnetism and paleomagnetism : paleomagnetism applied to geologic processes marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes submarine basaltic glass earths magnetic-field spreading midocean ridges crustal emplacement processes geomagnetic dipole-moment recent volcanic-eruptions seismic layer 2a lava flows sea-floor isotopic constraints 2006 JUN 8 1525-2027 ISI:000238217700002 [ 1] Placing accurate age constraints on near-axis lava flows has become increasingly important given the structural and volcanic complexity of the neovolcanic zone at fast spreading ridges. Geomagnetic paleointensity of submarine basaltic glass (SBG) holds promise for placing quantitative age constraints on near-axis flows. In one of the first extensive tests of paleointensity as a dating tool or temporal marker we present the results of over 550 successful SBG paleointensity estimates from 189 near-axis (< 4 km) sites at the East Pacific Rise, 9 degrees - 10 degrees N. Paleointensities range from 6 to 53 mu T and spatially correspond to the pattern expected from known temporal variations in the geomagnetic field. Samples within and adjacent to the axial summit trough (AST) have values approximately equal to or slightly higher than the present-day. Samples out to 1 - 3 km from the AST have values higher than the present-day, and samples farther off axis have values lower than the present-day. The on-axis samples (< 500 m from the AST) provide a test case for using models of paleofield variation for the past few hundred years as an absolute dating technique. Results from samples collected near a well-documented eruption in 1991 - 1992 suggest there may be a small negative bias in the paleointensity estimates, limiting resolution of the dating technique. Possible explanations for such a bias include local field anomalies produced by preexisting magnetic terrain; anomalously high magnetic unblocking temperatures, leading to a small cooling rate bias; and/or the possibility of a chemical remanence produced by in situ alteration of samples likely to have complicated thermal histories. Paleointensity remains useful in approximating age differences in young flows, and a clear along-axis paleointensity contrast near 9 degrees 50'N is suggestive of a similar to 150 - 200 year age difference. Paleointensity values of off-axis samples are generally consistent with rough age interpretations based on side scan data. Furthermore, spatial patterns in the paleointensity suggest extensive off-axis flow emplacement may occur infrequently, with recurrence intervals of 10 - 20 kyr. Results of a stochastic model of lava emplacement show that this can be achieved with a single distribution of flows, with flow size linked to time between eruptions. 052FM Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:93 <Go to ISI>://000238217700002 English 24 17 Bright, M. Keckeis, H. Fisher, C. R. Marine Biology (Berlin) 621-632 136 4 Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora): host sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (Bacteria): symbiont Bacteria: Microorganisms Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Bacteria Eubacteria Invertebrates Animals Microorganisms Ecology (Environmental Sciences) Nutrition trophosome: ultrastructure carbon: fixation, transfer, utilization 7440-44-0: carbon tissue autoradiography: analytical method Nutritional Mode Symbiosis 2000 Riftia pachyptila, the giant vestimentiferan tubeworm from the East Pacific Rise, harbors abundant chemolithoautotrophic, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in an internal organ, the trophosome. Several facts, such as the lack of a digestive system in the host, stable carbon isotope values and net carbon dioxide uptake all suggest that the tubeworms obtain the bulk of their nutrition from their symbionts. Using tissue autoradiography, we investigated the mode of nutritional transfer between symbionts and host, and the site of early incorporation of symbiont fixed-carbon in the host. Fast labeling in the trophosome clearly demonstrates that the symbionts are the primary site of carbon fixation. Appearance of label in some symbiont-free host tissues in as little as 15 min indicates that the symbionts release a significant amount of organic carbon immediately after fixation. The organic carbon is largely incorporated into specific, metabolically active host tissues such as fast-growing body regions in the trunk and plume, and into tube-secreting glands. In addition to immediate release of fixed carbon by the symbionts, there is evidence of a second possible nutritional mode, digestion of the symbionts, which is consistent with previous suggestions based on trophosome ultrastructure. Results suggest that symbiont-containing host cells migrate in a predictable pattern within trophosome lobules and that symbiont division occurs predominately in the center of a lobule, followed eventually by autolysis/digestion at the periphery of the lobule. Biosis Journal Article May English 496 17 Campbell, B. J. Jeanthon, C. Kostka, J. E. Luther, G. W. Cary, S. C. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 4566-4572 67 10 2001 Oct 0099-2240 ISI:000171237700023 <Go to ISI>://000171237700023 550 17 Canales, J. P. Detrick, R. S. Bazin, S. Harding, A. J. Orcutt, J. A. Science Science 1218 280 5367 1998 445 17 J P Canales Detrick, R. S. Toomey, D. R. Wilcock, W. S. D. Geophysical Journal International 766-794 152 3 r2k-cs 2003 394 17 Carbotte, S. Macdonald, K. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 6959-6982 97 B5 1992 556 17 Carbotte, S. M. MacDonald, K. C. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 13609-13633 99 1994 28 17 Cary, S. C. Cottrell, M. T. Stein, J. L. Camacho, F. Desbruyeres, D. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1124-1130 63 00504 General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10010 Biochemistry--Comparative Biochemistry, General 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Annelids Research Article Alvinella Pompejana Alvinella Caudata Epsilon Proteobacteria Hydrothermal Vent Annelid Filamentous Symbiotic Bacteria 16s Rrna 16s Ribosomal Rna Pcr Polymerase Chain Reaction Systematics Molecular Genetics Bacterial Identification Method Genetic Method East Pacific Rise Pacific Ocean 1997 Alvinella pompejana is a polychaetous annelid that inhabits high-temperature environments associated with active deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise. A unique and diverse epibiotic microflora with a prominent filamentous morphotype is found associated with the worm's dorsal integument. A previous study established the taxonomic positions of two epsilon proteobacterial phylotypes, 13B and 5A, which dominated a clone library of 16S rRNA genes amplified by PCR from the epibiotic microbial community of an A. pompejana specimen. In the present study deoxyoligonucleotide PCR primers specific for phylotypes 13B and 5A were used to demonstrate that these phylotypes are regular features of the bacterial community associated with A. pompejana. Assaying of other surfaces around colonies of A. pompejana revealed that phylotypes 13B and 5A are not restricted to A. pompejana. Phylotype 13B occurs on the exterior surfaces of other invertebrate genera and rock surfaces, and phylotype SA occurs on a congener, Alvinella caudata. The 13B and 5A phylotypes were identified and localized on A. pompejana by in situ hybridization, demonstrating that these two phylotypes are, in fact, the prominent filamentous bacteria on the dorsal integument of A. pompejana. These findings indicate that the filamentous bacterial symbionts of A. pompejana are epsilon Proteobacteria which do not have an obligate requirement for A. pompejana. Journal article; research article 25 17 Cary, S. C. H. Felbeck N. D. Holland Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser . Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 89–94 52 EGG LARVAL DISPERSAL SPERM TRANSFER SPAWNING DEVELOPMENT SYMBIONT ACQUISITION LIPID HYDROGEN SULFIDE HYDRONAUT EXPEDITION| 1989 On the Hydronaut Expedition to 13.degree.N on the East Pacific Rise, we made some observations on the reproductive biology of Riftia pachyptila relevant to larval dispersal, symbiont acquistion, and sperm transfer. Two females spawned in a pressure chamber about 15 h after collection. During each 30 min spawning episode, the relatively small (105 .mu.m), lipid-rich eggs were emitted in large numbers from the female gonopores and floated upward in still seawater at about 2 cm min-1. Therefore, it is likely that early development takes place in deep water well above the vent habitat of the adults. Two males spawned in non-pressurized aquaria about 45 min after reaching the deck of the ship. Semen issuing from the male gonopores contained sperm bundles, each composed of several hundred sperm with remarkable detached acrosomes. Each bundle swam vigorously through seawater by the beating of all its flagella in unison. Motility was not inhibited by hydrogen sulfide concentrations greater than those at the vent habitat. After swimming for about 15 min, the bundles broke up into individual sperm that were relatively immotile. It is reasonable to assume that sperm bundles swim from the male to the female's tube or body where they adhere by their detached acrosomes before disintegrating into individual sperm that subsequently fertilize the eggs. 27 17 Cary, S. C. Giovannoni, S. J. Proc Nat Acad Sci Usa 5695-5699 90 12 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10616 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Cold 1971- 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 16501 Reproductive System--General Methods 22100 Routes of Immunization, Infection and Therapy 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Calyptogena-Magnifica Calyptogena-Phaseoliformis Calyptogena-Pacifica Follicle Cell Symbiont Transmission 1993 Vesicomyid clams are conspicuous fauna at many deep-sea hydrothermal-vent and cold-seep habitats. All species examined have specialized gill tissue harboring endosymbiotic bacteria, which are thought to provide the hosts' sole nutritional support. In these species mechanisms of symbiont inheritance are likely to be key elements of dispersal strategies. These mechanisms have remained unresolved because the early life stages are not available for developmental studies. A specific 16S rRNA-directed oligodeoxynucleotide probe CG1255R for the vesocomyid endosymbionts was used in a combination of sensitive hybridization techniques to detect and localize the endosymbionts in host germ tissues. Symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplifications, comparative gene sequencing, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to detect and confirm the presence of symbiont target in tissue nucleic acid extracts. Nonradioactive in situ hybridizations were used to resolve the position of the bacterial endosymbionts in host cells. Symbiont 16S rRNA genes were consistently amplified from the ovarial tissue of three species of vesicomyid clams: Calyptogena magnifica, C. phaseoliformis, and C. pacifica. The nucleotide sequences of the genes amplified from ovaries were identical to those from the respective host symbionts. In situ hybridizations to CG1255R labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP were performed on ovarial tissue from each of the vesicomyid clams. Detection of hybrids localized the symbionts to follicle cells surrounding the primary oocytes. These results suggest that vesicomyid clams assure successful, host-specific inoculation of all progeny by using a transovarial mechanism of symbiont transmission. 29 17 Cary, S. C. Shank, T. Stein, J. Nature Nature Nature Nature 545–546 391 ALVINELLA POMPEJANA 1998 26 17 Cary, S. C. Warren, W. Anderson, E. Giovannoni, S. J. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 51-62 2 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 16504 Reproductive System--Physiology and Biochemistry 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Calyptogena Magnifica Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Riftia Pachyptila Ridgeia Piscesae Ribosomal Rna Dna Molecular Sequence Data Nucleotide Sequence Ovarian Tissue 1993 Invertebrates that contain endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic eubacteria are widely distributed in a variety of reducing marine habitats, including deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The mechanisms of symbiont transmission in these invertebrates are not understood. To test the hypothesis that symbionts are transmitted via the eggs of hosts, we used group-specific hybridization probes complementary to 16S ribosomal RNAs rRNAs to look for symbionts in eggs and ovaries. 16S rRNA sequences were examined for domains unique to the symbionts of three vent animals: Calyptogena magnifica, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and Riftia pachyptila. Three 16S rRNA-directed oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization probes CG-1255R, RP-1243R, BT-1255R specific for these endosymbionts were synthesized and evaluated by dot-blot hybridization. At higher stringencies, all three probes showed a high degree of specificity for their target endosymbionts rRNAs. The probes were also used as polymerase chain reaction PCR primers for detection of the symbiont 16S rRNA genes in genomic DNA isolated from host tissues known to contain symbionts. All three symbiont-specific probes were highly sensitive and specific as PCR primers; they successfully amplified 1 pg target DNA. However, all amplifications of extracted egg DNA from the vestimentiferan R. pachyptila with either universal eubacterial Eub A/ B or the Riftia symbiont-specific RP-1243R/Eub B primer sets were unsuccessful. Nonradioactive in situ hybridizations were performed on ovarian tissue from the vestimentiferan Ridgea piscesae, using RP-1243R, 3' end-labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP Boehringer Mannheim . The probe was subsequently detected with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated immunoglobulin G antibody specific for the digoxigenin moeity. The probe bound only to the tissue of R. piscesae coincident with the known location of symbiont cells and was not detected in any region of the ovary. These data indicate that transovarial symbiont transmission in the vestimentiferans does not take place and that symbiont acquisition is probably a post-spawning event. Journal article; molecular sequence data; research article 32 17 Cavanaugh, C. Nature Nature Nature Nature 58–61 302 3 1983 Horst's 30 17 Cavanaugh, C. M. Biol. Bull. 457 159 1980 33 17 Cavanaugh, C. M. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 373–388 6 RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA SOLEMYA VESTIMENTIFERA POGONOPHORA OLIGOCHAETE ENDOSYMBIONT MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION| 1985 31 17 Cavanaugh, C. M. S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones H. W. Jannasch J. B. Waterbury Science Science 340–342 213 1981 34 17 Chamoy, Luc Nicolai, Maryse Quennedey, Brigitte Gaill, Francoise Delachambre, Jean Biochemical Journal 421-427 350 2 Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora) Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Invertebrates Animals Molecular Genetics (Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics) epidermal cell epithelium exoskeleton tube RP43: CUB domain RP43 cDNA: cloning Riftia pachyptila RP43 gene (Pogonophora): expression pattern 258808-82-1: genbank-af233595 2000 A major 43 kDa protein from the protective tube of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera), named RP43, was partly microsequenced after isolation by SDS/PAGE from the protein fraction of tubes collected around the hydrothermal vents at the East Pacific Rise. On the basis of the partial peptide sequences obtained, experiments using reverse-transcriptase-mediated PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends led to the complete cDNA sequence. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequence of RP43 showed the presence of CUB domains (100-110-residue-spanning domains first reported in the complement subcomponents C1r/C1s, epidermal-growth-factor-related sea urchin protein and bone morphogenetic protein 1) that seem to be involved in protein-protein and glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. This peculiarity strongly suggests that RP43 might have a crucial role in tightening the different elements of the worm tube. However, the absence of chitin-binding motifs inclines us to favour a role in protein-protein interactions during assembly of the tube components. The RP43 mRNA was found to be present in specific epidermal cells from the worm body wall but never in the chitin-synthesizing gland cells. This unexpected result clearly indicates that the major tube protein is synthesized in specialized areas of the outer epithelium and that at least two different tissues are involved in the synthesis of the exoskeleton. Biosis Journal Article; Molecular Sequence Data 1 September English 36 17 Chassard-Bouchaud, C. Boumati, P. Escaig, F. Laubier, L. Desbruyères, D. Fiala-Médioni, A. Outrequin, M. Inglebert, R. L. Galle, P. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. 203–218 8 metals 1988 35 17 Chassard-Bouchaud, C. Fiala-Médioni, A. Galle, P C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 117–124 302 4 trace elements, metals 1986 38 17 Chevaldonné, P. Desbruyéres, D. Childress, J. J. Nature Nature Nature Nature 593–594 359 Alvinella, high temperature 1992 37 17 Chevaldonné, P. Desbruyéres, D. Le Haître, M. Deep-Sea Res. A Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers 1417–1430 38 11A 1991 Temperature time-series have been recorded with THYDRO, a new multi-probe temperature recorder, in three different hydrothermal vent sites: 13-degrees-N on the East Pacific Rise (EPR), the Lau Back-Arc Basin, and the North-Fiji Basin. The probes were placed on clumps of living animals (molluscs and polychaetes) for periods of up to 47 h, in zones where hydrothermal fluids mix with seawater. Spatial variability of temperature was often very important, thus demonstrating the necessity of a thorough study of the hydrothermal microenvironment. Temporal variability was analysed through standard spectral analysis methods. Several periodicities are superimposed, ranging from tens of seconds to tens of hours. The origin of these periods is discussed, and although the tidal cycle seems to be of greater importance in the driving forces of these variations, other periods exist that may be generated by the turbulent mixing occurring in this environment, and/or by variations in the hydrothermal fluid discharge. Aperiodic phenomena were also noted and, therefore, random processes should not be neglected. Consequences of the encountered variabilities on the vent fauna are also discussed, especially for Alvinella species that live in the studied zone and must have developed adaptive responses. 372 17 Chevaldonné, P. Fisher, C.R. Childress, J.J. Desbruyeres, D. Jollivet, D. Zal, F. Toulmond, A. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine ecology progress series Marine Ecology Progress Series 208 293-295 2000 42 17 Chevaldonné, P. Godfroy, A. FEMS Microbiology Letters 211-216 146 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 40000 Soil Microbiology Microorganisms Research Article Soil Microorganism Epifluorescence Microscopy Hydrothermal Vent Direct Sample Count Mineral Sample Ecology Analytical Method 1997 Enumerating microorganisms from particle-laden environmental samples can often prove difficult. Procedures involving the separation of the cells from the particles are required, as well as an evaluation of the extraction efficiency. Here we present for the first time a method enabling direct counts to be performed on environmental samples of deep-sea hydrothermal vent sulfide chimney samples. This method involves a separation of cells from the metallic sulfide particles by detergent and ultrasound treatments, followed by an estimation of the extraction efficiency by the Leslie regression method. Successful counts were obtained from the outer portions of two active chimneys from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and from the East Pacific Rise. The outer crust of these chimneys contained up to ca. 10-10 cells g-1 of chimney dry weight . Journal article; research article 43 17 Chevaldonné, P. A. Godfroy J. Guezennec F. Lesongeur Y. Fouquet G. Barbier D. Desbruyères InterRidge News 15–16 4 1995 39 17 Chevaldonné, P. Jollivet, D. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 251–262 95 alvinellids, vent populations 1993 Biomass is a poorly documented parameter of the hydrothermal ecosystem, partly due to the difficulties in estimating it. Because the hydrothermal alvinellid polychaete worms mostly live in tubes, and on very irregular surfaces difficult to sample, an original biomass estimation method based on video analysis was proposed and tested on populations of the East Pacific Rise at 13°N. The area covered by the 3 main alvinellid species was accurately estimated from geometricdl calculations in oblique–angle conditions, requiring only 3 object measurements on the monitor screen. The total density ot alvinellids was estimated on video by modelling the pattern ot worm movements in and out of their tubes. The Richards function was found appropriate to model tho resulting asymptotic curves. Biomass was Calculated from mean alvinellid weights for populations from 3 white smokers and 1 black smoker. Values ranged from 10.7 to 70.1 g ash-free dry weight m -2 , which is a much lower estimate than in previous studies, perhaps because of differences in sample size, sampling methods and the heterogeneity of studied assemblages. It was possible to discriminate Alvinella spp. from Paralvinella grasslei on the video because of differences in behaviour, allowing separate biomass calculations. Spatial variability of the alvinellid biomass was assessed for one chimney. Biomass was maximal at the top and the base, and minimal in the middle. Coverage of the chimney by the alvinellid tubes was spatially heterogeneous, and the genera displayed different distribution patterns. P. grdsslei seems to move a lot and settle on chimneys in an opportunistic way, while Alvinella spp., more dependent on the environmental conditions, settle at the base and gradudlly move upwards as the chimney grows. 44 17 Chevaldonné, P. D. Jollivet R. A. Feldman D. Desbruyères R. A. Lutz R. C. Vriejenhoek Cahiers de Biologie Marine 347-350 39 1998 41 17 Chevaldonné, P. Jollivet, D. Vangriesheim, A. Desbruyéres, D. Limnol. Oceanogr. 67–80 42 1 1997 Deep-sea hydrothermal-vent habitats are typically linear, discontinuous, and short-lived. Some of the vent fauna such as the endemic polychaete family Alvinellidae are thought to lack a planktotrophic larval stage and therefore not to broadcast-release their offspring. The genetic evidence points to exchanges on a scale that seems to contradict this type of reproductive pattem. However, the rift valley may topographically rectify the bottom currents, thereby facilitating the dispersal of propagules between active vent sites separated in some cases by 10s of kilometers or more along the ridge axis. A propagule flux model based on a matrix of intersite distances, long-term current-meter data, and information on the biology and ecology of Alvinellidae was developed to test this hypothesis. Calculations of the number of migrants exchanged between two populations per generation (N m ) allowed comparisons with estimates obtained from genetic studies. N m displays a logarithmic decrease with increasing dispersal duration and reaches the critical value of I after 8 d when the propagule flux model was run in standard conditions. At most, propagule traveling time cannot reasonably exceed 15-30 d, according to the model, whereas reported distances between sites would require longer lasting dispersal abilities. Two nonexclusive explanations are proposed. First, some aspects of the biology of Alvinellidae have been overlooked and long-distance dispersal does occur. Second, such dispersal never occurs in Alvinellidae, but the spatial-temporal dynamics of vent sites over geological timescales allows short-range dispersal processes to maintain gene flow. 40 17 Chevaldonné, P. Olu, K. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 286–298 109 1996 Crabs of the family Lithodidae are frequently encountered in the vicinity of deep-sea hydrothernial vents and cold-seeps. Together with crabs of the families Galatheidae and Chirostylidae, they are the main contributors to the scavenging/predatory fauna of these highly productive areas, and a potential vector for the export of organic carbon to the surrounding deep-sea communities. A review of the literature indicates that anomuran crabs have been reported from such environments since their discovery, and occur virtually anywhere a reducing habitat is found. These three fimilies are represented by at least eight genera, with at least 14 species occurring in hot vent areas, and eight in cold-seep associated communities. 49 5 Childress, J. J. P. Dejours L. Bolis C. R. Taylor E. R. Weibel Comparative Physiology: Life in Water and on Land 231–238 1987 Padova Liviana Press 51 17 Childress, J. J. Deep-Sea Res. 1677–1680 35 10/11 1988 52 17 Childress, J. J. ,guest editor Deep-Sea Res. 1677–1849 35(10/11A) 1988 58 17 Childress, J. J. Trends Ecol. Evol. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30–36 10 1995 59 17 Childress, J. J Am. Zool. American Zoologist 83–90 35 00522 General Biology--History and Archaeology 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 13010 Metabolism--Minerals 13206 Nutrition--Minerals 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 64001 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--General 10069 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Minerals Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Literature Review Sulfur-Oxidizing Chemoautotrophic Invertebrate-Bacterial Symbiosis Methanotrophic Symbiont Sulfide Survival Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent 1995 The discovery of the deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their associated fauna in 1977 was a watershed for the recent interest in the biology of sulfidic environments. From the initial questions concerning how organisms survived at the high sulfide concentrations around the vents, research quickly focused on the previously unrecognized sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic invertebrate/bacterial symbioses whose nature was discovered in 1980. There followed a successful and frenzied search for other reducing habitats harboring non-vent chemoautotrophic symbioses. The interest in the biology of species living in sulfidic habitats has since expanded to include the non-symbiotic species, species with sulfur-oxidizing symbionts and species with methanotrophic symbionts, all of which must be adapted to tolerate sulfide and many of which are adapted to utilize sulfide in various ways. 47 17 Childress, J. J. A. J. Arp Fisher, C. R., Jr. Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 109–124 83 1984 50 17 Childress, J. J. H. Felbeck G. N. Somero Scient. Amer. 114–120 255 1987 55 17 Childress, J. J. C. R. Fisher Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 337–441 30 1992 54 17 Childress, J. J. C. R. Fisher J. A. Favuzzi R. Kochevar N. K. Sanders A. M. Alayse Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 135–153 180 1991 53 17 Childress, J. J. C. R. Fisher J. A. Favuzzi N. K. Sanders Physiol. Zool. Physiological Zoology 1444–1470 64 1991 56 17 Childress, J. J. R. Lee N. K. Sanders H. Felbeck D. Oros A. Toulmond D.Desbruyères M. C. Kennicutt II J. Brooks Nature Nature Nature Nature 147–149 362 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida 10012 Biochemistry--Gases 1970- Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Annelids Riftia-Pachyptila Bacteria Symbiosis 1993 The marine invertebrate Riftia pachyptila has a remarkable symbiosis with intracellular carbon-fixing sulphide-oxidizing bacteria which was first discovered at 2,450 m depth on the Galapagos Rift. Such symbiotic arrangements have since been found in a variety of invertebrate taxa and habitats. Studies of these symbioses have focused on temperature, sulphide and oxygen as critical envitonmental parameters. As Riftia has a high growth rate and its symbionts are far removed from the host surface, inorganic carbon supply to the symbionts has been recognized as a problem and host mechanisms to concentrate inorganic carbon have been posited. Increased environmental CO2 partial pressure pCO2 has not seriously been considered as a critical environmental parameter. Here we report that elevated pCO2 2.9 kPa in the worms' environment is a determinant of internal total CO2 RGICO2 and pCO2, facilitating CO2 transport and diffusion to the symbionts. We propose that elevated pCO2 is a potentially critical environmental factor for this species as well as for other chemoautotrophic symbioses. 45 17 Childress, J.J. T.J. Mickel Deep–Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 965–970 27 1980 46 17 Childress, J.J. T.J. Mickel Mar. Biol. Lett. 73–79 3 1982 48 17 Childress, J. J. T. J. Mickel Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 249–260 6 1985 553 17 Christeson, G. L. Kent, G. M. Purdy, G. M. Detrick, R. S. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 2859-2873 101:B2 1996 530 17 Christeson, G. L. McIntosh, K. D. Karson, J. A. Nature Nature 418-421 445 7126 2007 552 17 Christeson, G. L. Purdy, G. M. Fryer, G. J. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 1045-1048 19 10 1992 551 17 Christeson, G. L. Purdy, G. M. Fryer, G. J. J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. 17957-17973 99 1994 554 17 Christeson, G. L. Shaw, P. R. Garmany, J. D. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 7821-7835 102 1997 555 17 Christeson, G. L. Wilcock, W. S. D. Purdy, G. M. Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophys. Res. Lett. 321-324 21 1994 559 17 Cochran, J. R. Fornari, D. J. Coakley, B. J. Herr, R. Tivey, M. A. Journal of geophysical research Journal of Geophysical Research 10841-10861 104 B 5 1999 557 17 Collier, J. S. Singh, S. C. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 20287-20304 102 B9 1997 423 17 Conder, J. A. Forsyth, D. W. Parmentier, E. M. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 2344 107 2002 518 17 Constable, S. Geophys. J. Intl. Geophys. J. Intl. 435 166 1 r2k-m 2006 434 17 Cormier, M. H. Ryan, W. B. F. Shah, A. K. Jin, W. Bradley, A. M. Yoerger, D. R. Geology Geology 633-636 31 7 2003 581 17 Cormier, M. H. Scheirer, D. S. Macdonald, K. C. Marine Geophysical Researches Marine Geophysical Researches 53-84 18 1 1996 345 17 Cottrell, M.T. Cary, S.C. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1127-1132 65 1999 475 17 J. P. Cowen D. J. Fornari T. M. Shank B. Love B. Glazer A. H. Treusch R. C. Holmes S. A. Soule E. T. Baker M. Tolstoy K. R. Pomraning Eos Eos 81 88 7 r2k-cp/hp 2007 63 17 Craddock, C. Hoeh, W. R. Gustafson, R. G. Lutz, R. A. Hashimoto, J. Vriijenhoek, R. J. Marine Biology Berlin 477-485 121 01500 Evolution 03506 Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10010 Biochemistry--Comparative Biochemistry, General 10616 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Cold 1971- 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 10802 Enzymes--General and Comparative Studies Coenzymes 10806 Enzymes--Chemical and Physical 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Bacterial Symbiont Allozyme Habitat Progression Nei's Genetic Distance Habitat Phylogeny 1995 A protein electrophoretic survey of mytilids inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps revealed electromorph patterns diagnostic of 10 distinct species. From hydrothermal vents located at sites on the Galapagos Rift, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Mariana Back Arc Basin, we detected four species of mytilids. Six additional species were detected from three cold-water seep sides in the Gulf of Mexico. The patchy distribution and temporal stability of seeps may provide a greater opportunity for mytilid diversification and persistence than vent sites Nei's genetic distances D between species were relatively large range: 0.528 to infinity both within and among habitat types. This pronounced degree of genetic differentiation suggests a relatively ancient common ancestor for the group. Phylogenetic trees were generated using distance Wagner and parsimony analyses of allozyme and morphological characters. The tree topologies obtained from both methods support: 1 the hypothesis that a seep ancestor gave rise to the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilids, 2 a historical progression from shallow-water to deep-water habitats, and 3 a co-evolutionary progression from external to internal localization of bacterial symbionts. Whether the seep mytilid taxa constitute paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups remains unresolved. Our phylogenetic hypotheses also provide a benchmark for the phylogeny of mytilid bacterial symbionts. Journal article; research article 62 17 Craddock, C. Hoeh, W. R. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Marine Biology Berlin 137-146 124 03506 Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal 03509 Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics 1972- 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10802 Enzymes--General and Comparative Studies Coenzymes 10806 Enzymes--Chemical and Physical 12100 Movement 1971- 25508 Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Larva Dispersal Ability Population Structure Allozyme Analysis Mitochondrial Dna Pacific Ocean 1995 Prior studies of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus Bivalvia: Mytilidae , provided conflicting predictions about the dispersal ability and population structure of this highly specialized species. Analyses of morphological features associated with its larval shells revealed a feeding larval stage that might facilitate dispersal between ephemeral vent habitats. In contrast, an allozyme study revealed substantial genetic differentiation between samples taken from populations 2370 km apart on Galapagos Rift Latitude 0 degree N and the East Pacific Rise 13 degree N . To resolve the discrepancy between these studies, we examined allozyme and mitochondrial mt DNA variation in new samples from the same localities plus more recently discovered sites 9 degree and 11 degree N along the East Pacific Rise. Although analysis of 26 enzyme-determining loci revealed relatively low levels of genetic variation within the five populations, no evidence existed for significant barriers to dispersal among populations. We estimated an average effective rate of gene flow Nm of similar or equal to 8 migrants per population per generation. Two common mtDNA variants predominated at relatively even frequencies in each population. and similarly provided no evidence for barriers to gene flow or isolation-by-distance across this species' known range. Larvae of this species appear to be capable of dispersing hundreds of kilometers along a continuous ridge system and across gaps separating non-contiguous spreading centers. Journal article; research article 64 17 Craddock, C. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 37–51 210 Gene flow Archaeogastropod limpets Hydrothermal vent 'isolation-by-distance' 1997 Patterns of dispersal and larval development were examined in four species of archaeogastropod limpets from hydrothermal vents along the northern East Pacific rise and Galapagos Rigt. Allozyme analysis revealed that recognized subspecies Lepetodrilus elevatus elevatus (McLean) and L. e. galriftensis (McLean), occured sympatrically along the East Pacific Rise and should be treated as full species. Larval shell characteristics of L. elevatus (s.s.) and L. galriftensis and two other sympatric species, Lepetodrilus pustulosus (McLean) and Eulepetopsis vitrea (McLean) suggest that all four species possess nonplanktonic modes of development which may limit long-distance dispersal capabilities Theoretical considerations suggest that species with limited long-distance dispersal will migrate among habitat islands in a 'stepping-stone' fashion, and thus, are expected to exhibit genetic evidence of 'isolation-by-distance'. Notwithstanding, E.vitrea and L. pustulosus did not exhibit the expected decline in rates of gene flow with increasing geographic distances between localities. Apparently for these two species, modes and rates of dispersal could not be predicted from a knowledge of larval shell morphology. Although L. elevatus and L. galriftensis exhibited trends that may be consistent with 'isolation-by-distance', the number of population samples available for this study were inadequate to reject the null hypothesis of genetic structure being independent of geographical distance. 487 17 Crapart, S. Fardeau, M. L. Cayol, J. L. Thomas, P. Sery, C. Ollivier, B. Combet-Blanc, Y. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 287 57 2 2007 422 17 Crawford, W. C. Webb, S. C. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117-130 203 1 2002 558 17 Crawford, W. C. Webb, S. C. Hildebrand, J. A. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 2923-2939 104 2 1999 67 17 Dahlhoff, E. O'Brien, J. Somero, G. N. Vetter, R. D. Physiol. Zool. 1490–1508 64 Riftia pachyptila alvinella pompejana bythograea thermydron calyptogena magnifica bathymodiolus thermophilus microhabitat condition interspecies variation 1991 The effects of elevated temperatures on mitochondrial respiration and the activities of selected mitochondrial enzymes were measured for several invertebrates endemic to the deep-sea hydrothermal vents to determine whether the differences in distribution patterns noted among these species are related to differences in temperature adaptation. Parallel studies were done with related (congeneric or confamilial) species from shallow marine habitats. Mitochondrial respiration of hydrothermal vent species living in zones with high water flux (high, variable temperatures), including the large tube worm Riftia pachyptila, the Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana, and the brachyuran crab Bythograea thermydron, was more resistant to high temperatures than was mitochondrial respiration of hydrothermal vent species or shallow-living species in cooler waters, for example, the vent clam Calyptogena magnifica and mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus. The temperatures at which Arrhenius plots of respiration rate exhibited sharp breaks were correlated with the apparent maximal habitat temperature of the species. The apparent Arrhenius activation energies of respiration also correlated with maximal habitat temperature, although not as closely as the Arrhenius break temperatures. Temperature inactivation of mitochondrial enzymes generally adhered to the pattern noted in the interspecific comparisons of mitochondrial respiration. These findings suggest that differences in thermal adaptation exist among endemic vent species and that these differences are correlated with the microhabitat conditions the different species encounter at the vent sites. 65 17 Dahlhoff, E Schneidemann, S. Somero, G. N. Biol. Bulletin Biological Bulletin 134–139 179 vents, pressure, LDH 1990 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; M4 isozyme) were purified from skeletal muscle taken from two fishes endemic to hydrothermal vents, Thermarces andersoni (Zoarcidae; 13.degree. N, East Pacific Rise, depth .apprx. 2600 m) and Bythites hollisi (Bythitidae; Galapagos Spreading Center, depth .apprx. 2500 m), and from the cosmopolitan deep-sea rattail Coryphaenoides armatus (Macrouridae; depth of occurrence to .apprx. 5000 m). The effects of pressure and temperature on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of cofactor (NADH) were measured to compare sensitivities to temperature, at in situ pressures, of enzymes from hydrothermal vent fishes and from a species adapted to cold, stable deep-sea temperatures. At 5.degree. C, the Km of NADH of the M4-LDHs of the three species varied only slightly between measurement pressures of 1 and 340 atmospheres (atm), in agreement with earlier studies of M4-LDHs of deep-sea fishes. At higher measurement temperatures, marked differneces were found among the enzymes. For the M4-LDHs of C. armatus and B. hollisi, increases in temperature (10 to 20.degree. C), at in situ pressures, sharply increased the Km of NADH to values higher than those predicted to be physiologically optimal. The M4-LDH of T. andersoni exhibited only minimal perturbation by elevated temperature under in situ pressures. The different temperature-pressure responses of these LDHs suggest that enzymes of deep-sea fishes not endemic to hydrothermal vents are not adapted for function at the higher temperatures found at vent sites, and that T. andersoni is better adapted than B. hollisi for sustained exposure to warm vent waters. The importance of adaptation to warm temperatures in the colonization of vent habitats is discussed. 66 17 Dahlhoff, E Somero, G. N. J. Exp. Biol. Journal of Experimental Biology 473–487 159 vents, pressure, LDH 1991 Effects of temperature and hydrostatic pressure were measured on cytosolic malate dehydrogenases (cMDHs) from muscle tissue of a variety of shallow- and deep-living benthic marine invertebrates, including seven species endemic to the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH), used to index temperature and pressure effects, was conserved within a narrow range (approximately 15-25 .mu.mol l-1) at physiological temperatures and pressures for all species. However, at elevated pressures, the Km of NADH rose sharply for cMDHs of shallow species (depths of occurence < approximately 500 m), but not for the cMDHs of deep-sea species. Cytosolic MDHs of invertebrates from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents generally were not perturbed by elevated temperatures (15-25.degree. C) at in situ pressures, but cMDHs of cold-adapted deep-sea species were. At a single measurement temperature, the Km of NADH of cMDHs from invertebrates from habitats with well-characterized temperatures was inversely related to maximal sustained body temperature. This correlation was used to predict the maximal sustained body temperatures of vent invertebrates for which maximal habitat and body temperatures are difficult to estimate. Species occurring on the 'smoker chimneys', which emit waters with temperatures up to 380.degree. C, are predicted to have sustained body temperatures that are approximately 20-25.degree. C higher than vent species living in cooler vent microhabitats. We conclude that, just as adaptation of enzymes to elevated pressures is important in establishing species' depth distribution patterns, adaptation of pressure-adapted enzymes to temperature is critical in enabling certain vent species to exploit warm-water microhabitats in the vent environment. 68 17 De Cian, Marie-Cecile Regnault, Michele Lallier, Francois H. Journal of Experimental Biology 2907-2920 203 19 Riftia pachyptila [hydrothermal vent tubeworm] (Pogonophora) Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Invertebrates Animals Metabolism symbiont-containing trophosome tissue ammonia arginine phosphate aspartate creatine phosphate creatinine enzyme: activity free amino acids glutamate nitrogen: Z nitrogen metabolites phosphagen: storage urate 7664-41-7: ammonia 1189-11-3: arginine phosphate 67-07-2: creatine phosphate 60-27-5: creatinine 11070-68-1: glutamate 7727-37-9: nitrogen 57-00-1: phosphagen 3106-08-9: urate Body Fluids Tissues Urea Cycle 2000 The distribution of nitrogen metabolism end-products and the associated enzyme activities, free amino acids and purine base catabolites were investigated in all the body compartments (circulating fluids and tissues) of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila to acquire a general overview of nitrogen metabolism in this symbiotic organism. There were striking differences between the symbiont-containing trophosome tissue and other host tissues. High concentrations of ammonia, creatinine and, in particular, urate were found in all tissues, but they were present at consistently higher concentrations in the trophosome, which also contained large amounts of urea. Uric acid crystals were present at the periphery of trophosome lobules. The urea cycle appears to be fully functional in this tissue, which also uses creatine phosphate for phosphagen storage, while arginine phosphate or a combination of both phosphagens occurs in other tissues. The amino acid patterns are dominated by sulphated compounds in all tissues except the trophosome, which has high levels of aspartate and glutamate. Although no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding the nitrogen regime of Riftia pachyptila, this in vitro study gives several indications for future research in this area. Biosis Journal Article October English 71 17 Desbruyeres, D. Cahiers de Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 241-244 39 3-4 Growth bivalve 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 70 17 Desbruyeres, D. P. Chevaldonné A.-M. Alayse D. Jollivet F. H. Lallier C. Jouin-Toulmond F. Zal P.-M. Sarradin R. Cosson J.-C. Caprais C. Arndt J. O'Brien J. Guezennec S. Hourdez R. Riso F. Gaill L. Laubier A. Toulmond Deep-Sea Research Part II 1998 72 17 Desbruyeres, D. Chevaldonne, P. Alayse, A. M. Jollivet, D. Lallier, F. H. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Zal, F. Sarradin, P. M. Cosson, R. Caprais, J. C. Arndt, C. O'Brien, J. Guezennec, J. Hourdez, S. Riso, R. Gaill, F. Laubier, L. Toulmond, A. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 383-+ 45 1-3 East pacific rise hydrothermal vent invertebrates mid- atlantic ridge black smoker chimneys riftia-pachyptila interstitial collagens paralvinella-grasslei reproductive- biology population-structure galapagos rift 1998 Alvinella pompejana, the "Pompeii worm" lives on active hydrothermal edifices at deep-sea vents of the East Pacific Rise. The physical and chemical patterns of its microhabitat were determined from temperature probe measurements, temperature time series, and on-board and shore-based chemical analyses based on discrete sampling (pH, H2S, CO2, CH4, S2O32-, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd? Zn), The microhabitat is characterised by high temporal and microscale spatial variability, with temperature values in the range of 20 degrees-45 degrees C at the immediate periphery of tubes but reaching higher, still undetermined, values inside the tubes. The difference observed between in vitro temperature limits for the stability of biomolecules and metabolic rates, and suggested in situ conditions seems to indicate a significant protective role of biological interfaces (tubes and cuticle). Temporal instability possibly also plays an important role in the ability for these worms to colonise such an extreme habitat. The functional role of dominant epibiotic bacteria is discussed in the light of recent biochemical and molecular data: the tubeworm-bacteria system can be considered as a symbiotic entity where carbon is probably metabolised and recycled. Sulphide detoxification occurs by oxidation at the gill level and possibly at the intracellular haemoglobin level. Heavy metals, ingested or absorbed, are trapped in spherocrystals and bound to metallothionein-like proteins. Anatomical, physiological and molecular adaptations to hypoxia allow the worm to successfully colonise the chimneys. A. pompejana lives in an ephemeral environment and must reproduce and disperse accordingly. It is a gonochoric species that displays a pseucopulatory behaviour allowing transfer of sperm to female spermathecae, thus avoiding dispersion of the gametes. The size of the oocytes suggests a lecithotrophic or benthic development. The population size structure is polymodal, indicating discontinuous recruitment. Population genetics data indicate the occurrence of a microscale level of population differentiation that does not increase with increasing geographical distances, thus suggesting the occurrence of a metapopulation-like system and/or the possibility that enzyme loci evolve under stabilising selective driving forces inherent to the vents' highly variable conditions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DEEP-SEA RES PT II-TOP ST OCE 73 17 Desbruyères, D. Crassous, P. Grassle, J. Khripounoff, A. Reyss, D. Rio, M. Van Praet, M. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 489–494 295 1982 75 17 Desbruyères, D. F. Gaill L. Laubier Y. Fouquet Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103–116 6 1985 74 17 Desbruyères, D. F. Gaill L. Laubier D. Prieur G.H. Rau Mar. Biol. 201–205 75 1983 76 17 Desbruyères, D. Laubier, L. Can. J. Zool. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2227–2245 64 PARALVINELLA-PANDORAE NEW-SPECIES PARALVINELLA-PALMIFORMIS NEW-SPECIES PARALVINELLA-PANDORAE-IRLANDEI NEW-SUBSPECIES ALVINELLA-POMPEJANA ALVINELLA-CAUDATA NEW-SPECIES DESCRIPTION| 1986 Examination of all the specimens collected from deep hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific allowed us to describe two new species and one new subspecies belonging to the genus Paralvinella Desbruyeres and Laubier, 1982: P. pandorae sp. n., P. palmiformis sp. n., and P. pandorae irlandei ssp. n. Alvinella pompejana is split into two species, A. pompejana and A. caudata sp. n., based on to morphological and biochemical data. The six species and subspecies of Alvinellinae (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) are well separated from all other terebellomorph species by the absence of differentiation between thorax and abdomen. We propose here the erection of a new family, Alvinellidae, which seems to be primitive within the order Terebellida. All known alvinellids are strictly asssociated with deep hydrothermal vent phenomena. 373 17 Desbruyeres, D. Segonzac, M. Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 122-123 38 2 (Biology of deep sea hydrothermal vents. Dorsales Workshop) 1997 384 17 Detrick, R. S. Buhl, P. Vera, E. Mutter, J. Orcutt, J. Madsen, J. Brocher, T. Nature Nature 35-41 326 1987 393 17 Detrick, R. S. Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Orcutt, J. A. Mutter, J. C. Buhl, P. Science Science 499-503 259 5094 1993 497 17 Di Meo-Savoie, C. A. Luther, G. W. Cary, S. C. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2055-2066 68 9 2004 May 0016-7037 ISI:000221032100016 <Go to ISI>://000221032100016 459 17 Kang Ding William E. Seyfried Zhong Zhang Margaret K. Tivey Karen L. Von Damm Albert M. Bradley Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 167-174 237 r2k h/ch 2005 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.041 402 17 Dunk, R. M. Mills, R. A. Dunk, RM Univ York, Dept Chem, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England Marine Geology Marine geology 133-157 229 3-4 east pacific rise nazca plate hydrothermal sediments geochemistry transition metals mid-atlantic ridge de-fuca ridge hydrothermal plume metalliferous sediments equatorial pacific surface sediments nazca plate 2-line ferrihydrite dissolved phosphate pelagic sediments 2006 JUN 30 0025-3227 ISI:000238622500002 We describe transition metal behaviour during early diagenesis in sediments collected along a transect across the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 14 degrees S overlying crust with magnetic ages of 0.36 Ma to 4.6 Ma. The sediments are lithologically simple and consist of biogenic carbonate, hydrothermal plume precipitates and minor basaltic debris. Sedimentation rates range from similar to 1 cm/ka in the near-axis region (0.36 Ma) to similar to 0.1-0.2 cm/ka across the young ridge flank (by 1.9 Ma, or within similar to 142 km from axis). Redox indicators (porewater Mn(II)(aq) and solid phase Mo/Mn ratios) indicate fully oxic conditions in near-axis sediments, changing to mildly suboxic conditions across the ridge flank. Sequential extraction analysis of sediments from the 0.36 Ma site indicates that oxic alteration of Fe oxyhydroxides is dominated by transformation of ferrihydrite to goethite, implying that alteration occurs via dissolution followed by nucleation and precipitation. The extent of alteration (amorphous Fe/total plume-derived Fe) ranges from 0.3 to 0.8, and the time to half conversion is on the order of similar to 100 ka. V associated with plume-derived ferrihydrite is strongly discriminated against during alteration to goethite and the distribution coefficient (D-V = (V/Fe)(goethic)(V/Fe)(dissolved)) is in the range 0.45-0.5 9. Cu, Zn and Ni are delivered to the sediment in association with both Fe oxyhydroxides and Mn oxides, where similar to 70% of Cu and Zn and similar to 10% of Ni are associated with Fe oxyhydroxides. The Fe-adsorbed Cu and Zn are incorporated quantitatively into the lattice structure of goethite during alteration. The Fe-associated Ni most likely represents Ni co-precipitated as Ni-Fe ferrihydrite and incorporated into goethite during alteration. Co is associated only with Mn oxides. The oxic alteration of hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxides therefore represents a relatively permanent sink (where goethite dissolution is a prerequisite for metal release) for a maximum of similar to 70% of plume-derived Cu and Zn, similar to 50% of V, similar to 10% of Ni and 0% of Co. In oxic sediments, the remaining plume-derived metals are retained in association with amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides and Mir oxides, although this fraction is highly susceptible to diagenetic remobilization under suboxic conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 057VE Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:95 <Go to ISI>://000238622500002 English 435 17 Dunn, R. Forsyth, D. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001, abstract# T12A-0898 2001 432 17 Dunn, R. A. Forsyth, D. W. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 108 B7 2003 561 17 Dunn, R. A. Toomey, D. R. Nature(London) Nature(London) 259-262 388 6639 1997 560 17 Dunn, R. A. Toomey, D. R. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 9–17 189 2001 425 17 Dunn, R. A. Toomey, D. R. Detrick, R. S. Wilcock, W. S. D. Science Science 1955-1958 291 5510 r2k-cs/m 2001 418 17 Dunn, R. A. Toomey, D. R. Solomon, S. C. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 23537-23556 105 B10 2000 385 17 Edmond, J. M. Von Damm, K. L. McDuff, R. E. Measures, C. I. Nature Nature 187-191 297 1982 511 17 Ehrhardt, C. J. Haymon, R. M. Lamontagne, M. G. Holden, P. A. Environmental Microbiology Environmental Microbiology 900-912 9 4 2007 460 17 Jennifer L. Engels Margo H. Edwards Daniel J. Fornari Michael R. Perfit Johnson R. Cann Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1069 4 8 r2k-cs/cp 2003 1525-2027 doi:10.1029/2002GC000483 509 17 Escartín, J. Soule, S. A. Fornari, D. J. Tivey, M. A. Schouten, H. Perfit, M. R. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 8 6 2007 399 17 Evans, R. L. Webb, S. C. Crawford, W. Golden, C. Key, K. Lewis, L. Miyano, H. Roosen, E. Doherty, D. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters - 33 15 2006 AUG 9 0094-8276 ISI:000239786000006 074BA Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:1 <Go to ISI>://000239786000006 English 409 17 Feely, R. A. Gendron, J. F. Baker, E. T. Lebon, G. T. Feely, Ra Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,7600 Sand Point Way Ne,Seattle,Wa 98115 Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19-36 128 1-2 mid-atlantic ridge de-fuca ridge vent field 21-degrees-n ocean phosphorus systems water 1994 NOV 0012-821X ISI:A1994PV44400002 The discovery of a volcanic eruption at the 9-degrees-45.52'N site on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) led us to investigate how the composition of suspended matter in hydrothermal plumes may be used to provide a better understanding of the relative age and vent fluid characteristics of a ridge crest system during surface ship surveys. During the TROUGHS (Tropical Ridge Observations of Underwater Geochemical Hydrothermal Signals) expedition we collected hydrothermal plume particles along a 350 km section, extending from approximately 8-degrees-40'N to 11-degrees-50'N, of the EPR north and south of the Clipperton Transform Fault. Over the segment south of the Clipperton Transform Fault, the S/Fe ratio in the particles ranged from about 0.9 to 10, with the highest values immediately over the new vent field at the 9-degrees-45.52'N site. These enrichments exactly coincide with the elevated He-3/heat and CH4/Mn ratios in the plumes over the same vent field. The S-rich particles are primarily organic and may be related to the 'bacteria blizzard' associated with the eruption. In addition, very high Cu/Fe and Zn/Fe ratios were observed in the hydrothermal plumes south of the Clipperton Transform Fault. These high ratios are indicative of the predominance of high-temperature, H2S-rich vents between 9-degrees-35'N and 9-degrees-50'N. In contrast, the samples from the segment north of Clipperton Transform Fault had S/Fe ratios which ranged from 0.04 to 0.82, typical of mature, Fe-rich hydrothermal plumes. These results suggest that the gas-rich vent fluids at the 9-degrees-45.52'N site produced the sulfur-enriched particles in the water column. Gas-rich plumes and sulfur-enriched plume particles were also observed underneath the 1986 Megaplume on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR), suggesting a similar mode of formation. North of the Clipperton Transform Fault, the hydrothermal particles are dominated by Fe-rich oxyhydroxide particles, characteristic of mature high-temperature vent fields. The plume maximum is centered at 11-degrees-08'N. The Fe oxyhydroxide particles scavenge Ca, Si, P, V, Cr and As from seawater. For P and V the mean element/Fe ratio in the EPR hydrothermal particles are intermediate between JdFR and TAG hydrothermal systems. For As the mean element/Fe ratios of all three systems are about the same. New evidence for Si scavenging by hydrothermal Fe oxyhydroxide particles indicates that this sink for dissolved Si in the oceans is small. Pv444 Times Cited:32 Cited References Count:37 <Go to ISI>://A1994PV44400002 English 78 17 Felbeck, H. Science Science 336–338 213 1981 81 17 Felbeck, H. Physiol. Zool. 272–281 53 3 1985 Horst's 84 5 Felbeck, H. P. Nardon V. Gianinazzi-Pearson A.M. Grenier L. Margulis D.C. Smith Endocytobiology IV 327–334 1990 Paris Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 83 17 Felbeck, H. J. J. Childress Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. 131–138 8 1988 80 5 Felbeck, H. J.J. Childress G.N. Somero P. Hochachka The Mollusca Vol. 2: Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology 331–358 1983 New York Academic Press 86 17 Felbeck, H. Jarchow, J. Physiological Zoology 294-302 71 Bacteria-General Unspecified 1992- Pogonophora 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10510 Biophysics--Bioenergetics: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Chemoautotrophic Symbiont Carbon Dioxide Carbon Release Nitrogen Transport Glutamate Succinate Bioenergetics Marine Ecology Nutrition 1998 The gutless hydrothermal tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones relies mainly on its chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts to supply nutrients in the form of secreted organic compounds resulting from fixation and incorporation of CO-2. In this study, symbionts were purified, tested for viability, and incubated in the presence of labeled CO-2. We demonstrated that purified symbionts can be used as a viable alternative to experiments with bacterial cultures. Several organic acids, sugars, and amino acids were labeled, but their fraction of the total label stayed generally constant during the incubation times used. However, increasing fractions of succinate and, to a lesser degree, glutamate were excreted into the incubation medium, indicating that these are probably the main carbon-containing compounds transferred from the symbionts to the host. Glutamate could also account for the transport of nitrogen from the symbionts to the host. Journal article; research article 87 17 Felbeck, H. Jarchow, J. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 279-282 39 3-4 Fixation 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 82 17 Felbeck, H. Powell, M. A. Hand, S. C. Somero, G. N. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bulletin Of The Biological Society Of Washington 261-272 7 0 RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA CALYPTOGENA-MAGNIFICA BATHYMODIOLUS-THERMOPHILUS BATHOGRAEA-THERMYDRON BACTERIAL ENDOSYMBIONT RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS| 1985 79 17 Felbeck, H. Somero, G.N. Trends in Bio Sciences Trends in Biochemical Sciences 201–204 7 6 1982 Horst's 77 17 Felbeck, H. G.N. Somero J.J. Childress Nature Nature Nature 291–293 293 1981 85 17 Felbeck, H. Turner, P. J. Journal of Experimental Zoology 95-102 272 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10012 Biochemistry--Gases 1970- 12100 Movement 1971- 14504 Cardiovascular System--Physiology and Biochemistry 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Carbonate Malate Succinate Carbon Isotope Ratio Carbon Dioxide Blood Vessel 1995 Isolated plumes and vestimenta of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila were perfused to determine the form in which carbon is transported to the animal's symbionts via the circulatory system. Catheters supplying colored saline were inserted into an afferent blood vessel while samples were collected from the efferent vessel. During perfusion, the plumes were immersed in sea water containing radiolabeled CO-2. The effluent showed radioactivity in inorganic carbonate SIGMA CO-2, sum of all forms , malate, and succinate. When isolated vestimenta were perfused with saline containing labeled CO-2, labeled malate and succinate could be detected in the effluent. Carbon transport in the blood as SIGMA CO-2 is estimated to be of similar importance to that transported after incorporation into organic carbon. The significance for the establishment of the carbon isotope ratio of tubeworms is discussed. Journal article; research article 88 17 Feldman, R. A. Black, M. B. Cary, C. S. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 268-277 6 01500 Evolution 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 63546 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Pogonophora 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Research Article Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria Vestimentiferan Endosymbiont Host Molecular Phylogenetics Ribosomal Dna Mitochondrial Coi Genes Host-Symbiont Coevolution Basaltic Vent Habitat Sedimented Seep Habitat Evolution Marine Ecology 1997 Vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps rely entirely on sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts for nutriment. We examined host-symbiont co-evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees from symbiont 16S ribosomal DNA and host mitochondrial COI genes. The endosymbionts comprised two distinct clades, one associated with tube worms from basaltic vent habitats and the other associated with tube worms from sedimented seep-like environments. Within each symbiont clade, 16S rDNA sequences were nearly identical, suggesting that vent vestimentiferans share a single endosymbiont species that is distinct from the seep endosymbiont species. A third endosymbiont type, related to the seep species, was found in a tube worm collected from a whale carcass. Our results are consistent with a horizontal model of symbiont transmission. Journal article; research article 374 5 Féral, J. P. Philippe, H. Desbruyères, D. Derelle, E. Chenuil, A. Evolution 93 131 1993 Montpellier 89 17 Féral, J. P. Philippe, H. Desbruyères, D. Laubier, L. Derelle, E. Chenuil, A. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie C. R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III 771-779 317 Polychaeta 01500 Evolution 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 63530 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Annelida 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida Animals Invertebrates Annelids Research Article Paralvinella Grasslei Paralvinella Hessleri Paralvinella Fijiensis Alvinella Caudata Alvinella Pompejana Terebellides Stroemi Thelepus Cincinnatus Melinna Palmata Eupolymnia Nebulosa Amphitrite Edwardsi Lanice Conchilega Nephtys Hombergi Ophelia Rathkei Owenia Fusiformis Potamilla Antartica Saccocirrus Major Mesonerilla Sp. Ribosomal Rna Molecular Sequence Data Nucleotide Sequence Evolution 1994 Phylogenetic trees were inferred by both distance and parsimony methods, using aligned sequences of the 28S rRNA 5'-end of 17 Polychaete species. Alvinellidae is a monophyletic taxon among the Terebellomorpba which also make a monophyletic group. Alvinella 2/2 species studied is also a monophyletic taxon. The Paralvinella species 3/9 species we studied cluster also in a monophyletic group. The D-1 domain of Alvinella is longer than in other Polychaetes 30 nucleotides more . This is explained by the insertions of groups of 3 to 11 nucleotides whose fixation probably did not change so much rRNA conformation. This fixation could have been promoted by the necessity of fast recolonizations of new active hydrothermal vents spatial isolation and ephemeral habitat . The comparison of the studied sequences of Polychaetes with those of coastal temperate and polar marine invertebrates shows that the relatively high Cytosine-Guanosine C+G level found in alvinellid sequences is not directly related to the particular characteristics of the hydrothermal environment as recently hypothetized. Journal article; molecular sequence data; research article 486 17 Ferrera, I. Longhorn, S. Banta, A. B. Liu, Y. Preston, D. Reysenbach, A. L. Extremophiles Extremophiles 57-64 11 1 2007 461 17 Vicki Lynn Ferrini Daniel J. Fornari Timothy M. Shank James C. Kinsey Maurice A. Tivey S. Adam Soule Suzanne M. Carbotte Louis L. Whitcomb Dana Yoerger Jonathan Howland Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Q01006 8 1 r2k-cs/h 2007 1525-2027 doi:10.1029/2006GC001333 90 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 487–492 298 Ultrastructural evidence of abundance of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in the gill of bivalve mollusks of deep hydrothermal vents, CALYPTOGENA-MAGNIFICA BRANCHIAL CELLS CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC ENERGY TRANSFER 1984 High concentrations of symbiotic bacteria are revealed by transmission electron microscopy studies on the gill of Calyptogena magnifica. The abundance of these bacteria, often seen in division stages, and their apparent perfect integration in the branchial cells, suggest a physiological equilibrium and endorses the hypothesis of a symbiotic function based on chemoautotrophic energy transfer directly to the host organisms. The type of association appears to be different in these 2 spp., possibly expressing different relationships between bacteria and host organisms. 96 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. Oceanologica Acta 173–180 8 1988 93 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Alayse, A.M. Cahet, G. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 191–198 96 BACTERIA CARBON-14 GILL AUTOTROPHIC POTENTIAL| 1986 The hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus sp. is demonstrated to incorporate inorganic CO2 from sea water. After .apprxeq. 24 h incubation with H14CO2- the major part of the radioactivity is incorporated into macromolecules mostly in proteins but also in a notable lipidic fraction. 77 to 98% of this radioactivity is found in the gill and autoradiographs show that CO2 fixation is only observed in cells containing high concentrations of bacteria. The results endorse the hypothesis that the associated bacteria might provide a nutritional source for the mussel. The mussel is also able to absorb and incorporate dissolved amino acids. Heterotrophic processes involving dissolved organic matter may interfere with the autotrophic pathways. Besides its capability of feeding on particulate material, the mussel may be thus able to live on reduced carbon and nitrogen compounds synthesized by its associated bacteria as well as on dissolved organic compounds present in sea water. The effective participation of the different processes is probably related to the ecological conditions experienced by the mussel in vent areas. Horst's 100 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Boulègue, J. Ohta, S. Felbeck, H. Mariotti, A Deep-Sea Res. I Deep-Sea Research I 1241–1258 40 seeps, stable isotopes, symbioses, N15, C13 1993 Deep tow camera surveys during the Hakuho Maru cruise KH-89-1 and Nautile dives during the Kaiko-Nankai cruise November 1989 demonstrate the presence of dense animal communities at depths around 2000 and 3800 m. The dominant organisms are vesicomyid bivalve molluscs, with two new very large up to 38 cm long species of Calyptogena and the two species previously found in the Nankai trough during the Kaiko cruise 1985 , C. laubieri and C. kaikoi. They apparently rely on sulfide-based chemoautotrophy through symbiotic bacteria associated with their gills. Evidence of sulfur-oxidizing metabolism includes ultrastructural features of symbionts, absence of methanol dehydrogenase activity, presence of ATP-sulfurylase and abundant elemental sulfur in the gill. Carbon isotope ratios are close to values obtained in other sulfur-oxidizing symbiont-bearing species from -35.6 to -38.7.per mill. for the 3950 m species and from -36 to -37.4.per mill. for the 2050 m species . Nitrogen isotope ratios show highly variable values from -4 to -9.7.per mill. for the 3950 m species and from -0.2 to +4.4.per mill. for the 2050 m species . 14C analyses indicates growth based on water CO2 with limited or no input of fossil carbon. 99 5 Fiala-Médioni, A. Felbeck, H. Mellinger, J. Animal Nutrition and Transport Processes. 1. Nutrition in Wild and Domestic Animals. Comparative Physiology 49–69 1990 Basel Karger 98 5 Fiala-Médioni, A. Felbeck, H. Childress, J.J. Fisher, C.R. Vetter, R. D. P. Nardon V. Gianinazzi-Pearson A.M. Grenier L. Margulis D.C. Smith Endocytobiology IV 335–338 1990 Paris Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 94 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Le Pennec, M. Symbiosis Symbiosis 63–74 4 CALYPTOGENA-MAGNIFICA CALYPTOGENA-PHASEOLIFORMIS CALYPTOGENA-LAUBIERI BATHYMODIOLUS-THERMOPHILUS DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES| 1987 Horst's 95 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Le Pennec, M. Oceanol. Acta Oceanol. Acta 185–192 11 2 1988 Horst's 97 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Le Pennec, M. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimat., Palaeoecol. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161–167 71 1989 91 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. C. Métivier Mar. Biol. 215–222 90 ENDOCELLULAR CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA BIOSYNTHESIS BACTERIOCYTE ABSORPTION METABOLIC ACTIVITY HISTOLOGY EAST PACIFIC OCEAN RISE| 1986 Calyptogena magnifica Boss and Turner, 1980, a new Vesicomyidae found during the Galapagos expedition in hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise, was collected in the same Rise at 21.degree. N during the "Oasis" expedition (March 1982), and samples of the gill were fixed for ultrastructural observations. The large size and structure of the gill indicate that this is the organ mainly involved in the nutritional processes of C. magnifica. Despite the classic structural appearance of the external cilia of its gill, and an obvious production of mucus, C. magnifica is not a filter-feeder, as it does not use filtering processes to provide its major source of nutrition. Negligible particulate transfer is evidenced by reduction of the ciliary groove, of the labial palps and of the digestive tube, as well as by the observations endorse the hypothesis that endocellular chemoautotrophic bacteria play an important role in the nutrition of the clam. Except for a superficial zone of ciliated cells, most of the gill tissue is comprised of cells which appear to be bacteriocytes, and which are perfectly integrated into the gill tissue and contain abundant and normally reproducing bacteria. The differences observed in the structure of the bacteriocytes suggest a cyclic process of their colonization by bacteria, their possible resorption, and their replacement by new bacteria-infected cells. Energetic substrates (sulfides and organic molecules) are probably directly absorbed by the bacteriocytes through the microvilli of the epithelial cells. Abundant fingerprint-like mitochondria in ciliate cells attest to a particularly high metabolic activity, perhaps related to active biosynthesis. 92 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Métivier, C. Herry, A. Le Pennec, M. Mar. Biol. 65–72 92 LAMELLAE HOMORHABDIC FILAMENT CILIATED CELL MUCOUS CELL DETOXIFICATION 1986 Specimens of Bathymodiolus sp. were collected at 2,620 m depth during the "Biocyarise" Cruise (12.degree.58'80''N; 13.degree.56'60''W) in March 1984, and samples of the gill were fixed for ultrastructural observations. The gill of this hydrothermal-vent mytilid constitutes the main organ in the nutritional processes. The lamellae display abundant ciliation, normally comprised of frontal cilia, compound latero-frontal cirri and lateral cilia. At the ventral margin of each demi-branch, a longitudinal, ciliated, feeding groove is present. The lamellae are composed of numerous homorhabdic filaments connected by tufts of cilia. Each filament is made of a thin wall overlying a central lumen containing amoebocytes. Ultrastructural observations revealed the filament wall to be composed of four types of cells: (1) The ciliated cells of the frontal, latero-frontal and lateral ciliation, characterized by an abundance of mitochondria. (2) Mucous cells present to some degree among the ciliated cells, but more abundant on the distal edge and containing dense droplets of mucus. (3) Cells colonized at their apical pole by numerous bacteria enclosed in membrane-delimited clear spaces and composing the major part of the filament wall. (4) Thin ciliated cells separating the bacterial cells and characterized by a dense fringe of microvilli at their apical pole. The lumen of the filament contains amoebocytes of different morphological aspects which seem to accumulate electron-dense granules, possibly related to detoxification processes. 101 17 Fiala-Médioni, A. Michalski, J.-C. Jolles, J. Alonso, C. Montreuil, J. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie 239-244 317 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10806 Enzymes--Chemical and Physical 13202 Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods 16002 Respiratory System--Anatomy 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Calyptogena Magnifica Enzyme Subcellular Fractionation Acid Phosphatase N-Acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase Fucosidase Endosymbiont Digestion Galapagos Rise Pacific Ocean 1994 Assays for enzymes related to a lysosomal activity were made on lysosome-enriched fractions of bivalve gill from an hydrothermal sites of the Galapagos Rise. The results show the presence of lysosomal markers in all samples of Bathymodiolus thermophilus and Calyptogena magnifica. The Percoll gradient subcellular fractionation allowed, for C. magnifica, the characterisation of 2 fractions lysosome-enriched and more active fractions. Acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase represent the major activities in all samples; yet, all the glycosidases assayed gave a positive result with a special mention for the fucosidase. The lysozymic activity found in the gill of these 2 species is much higher than that found in the gill of non-symbiotic bivalves. These results demonstrate in the gill of these 2 hydrothermal vent bivalves an enzymatic potential for digestion of endosymbionts. 112 17 Fisher, C. R. Crit. Rev. Aquat. Sci Critical Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 399–436 2 1990 114 5 Fisher, C. R. Humphris, S. E. Zierenberg, R. A. Mullineaux, L. S. Thomson, R. E. Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions 297–316 Washington 1995 American Geophysical Union 115 5 Fisher, Ch. R. Uiblein, F. Ott, J. Stachowtisch, M. Deep–sea and extreme shallow-water habitats: affinities and adaptions. - Biosystematics and Ecology Series 313–336 11 1996 Symbiotic associations with chemolithotrophic or methanotrophic symbionts have been suggested for eleven phyla of marine invertebrates. The polyphyletic origin of these symbioses implies significant benefits to the hosts of the associations, which seem to be largely nutritional benefits. In order to reap the nutational benefits of autotrophic symbionts, the hosts must supply the symbionts with oxygen, a carbon source, and an energy source. In large metazoans the symbiont-containing tissues are often hypertrophied and packed with high densities of symbionts. The resultant large biomass of symbionts is necessary to supply a significant portion of the hosts nutritional needs, but also results in substantial demands for the substrates required by the symbionts for chemosyndiesis. A variety of physiological, anatomical, and behavioral mechanisms have evolved in the various host groups to facilitate the supply of the substrates required by their symbionts. These adaptations are reviewed along with sometimes similar adaptations in species of free-living bacteria. One result of very efficient symbioses and free-living bacteria living in the energy-rich vent and seep environments is that these communities are extremely productive. This is in stark contrast to the surrounding ambient deep-sea communities which are often nutrient-limited. The literature using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes to examine nutritional relations in vent communities is reviewed and additional information on the Gulf of Mexico seep communities is presented. Evidence and arguments that deep-sea vent and seep community primary production may be important to the nutrition of the surrounding ambient deep-sea fauna are considered, and a case is made that this is likely for large regions of the Gulf of Mexico. 116 17 Fisher, C. R. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 283-286 39 3-4 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 103 17 Fisher, C. R. J. M. Brooks J. J. Childress H. Felbeck R. R. Hessler K. S. Johnson S. S. A. Macko A. Moe, D. Nelson G. N. Somero Am. Zool. American Zoologist 81A 29 1989 102 17 Fisher, C. R., Jr. J. J. Childress Mar. Biol. Lett. 171–184 5 1984 106 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress A. J. Arp J. M. Brooks D. Distel J. A. Favuzzi H. Felbeck L. W. Fritz R. Hessler K. S. Johnson Kennicutt, M. C., II R. A. Lutz S. A. Macko A. Newton M. A. Powell G. N. Somero T. Soto Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1811–1832 35 10/11 1988 107 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress A. J. Arp J. M. Brooks D. Distel J. A. Favuzzi H. Felbeck R. Hessler K. S. Johnson Kennicutt, M. C., II S. A. Macko A. Newton M. A. Powell G. N. Somero T. Soto Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1769–1792 35 10/11 1988 108 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress A. J. Arp J. M. Brooks D. Distel J. A. Favuzzi S. A. Macko A. Newton M. A. Powell G. N. Somero T. Soto Deep-Sea Res. 1745–1758 35 10/11 1988 104 17 Fisher, C. R. Childress, J. J. Brooks, J. M. Am. Zool. American Zoologist 128a only 28 1988 113 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress S. A. Macko J. J. Brooks Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 45-55 103 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 13003 Metabolism--Energy and Respiratory Metabolism 13202 Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods 64001 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--General Animals Invertebrates Research Article Invertebrate Food Web Chemoautotrophy 1994 Nutritional interactions among invertebrates at 3 vent sites on the Galapagos Rift are examined through the use of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. A large number of individuals of several vent species were analyzed and this provides previously unavailable insights into the variability within various groups. Stable nitrogen isotope contents delta-15N values of vent invertebrates are below 11 per mill . This is significantly lower than all non-vent deep-sea fauna examined to date, which makes delta-15N values an excellent tool in identifying vent-dependent fauna. However, the large range in delta-15N values among both primary producers and many vent consumer species renders it of limited use in determining either the trophic level of most individual species or the total number of trophic levels in vent communities. Stable carbon isotope content delta-13C values in vent invertebrates from the Galapagos Rift range from -9 to -37 per mill , which encompasses the range of non-vent deep-sea fauna -17 to -22 per mill and extends significantly beyond it. Many vent invertebrates have delta-13C values which overlap that of ambient deep-sea fauna, however in several cases the extreme value can be linked to specific endogenous vent sources. When both nitrogen and carbon are taken together, robust trophic links can be established between several vent taxa, and considerable nutritional plasticity in other taxa becomes evident. 110 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress E. Minnich Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 372–385 177 1989 109 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress R. S. Oremland R. R. Bidigare Mar. Biol. 59–71 96 1987 105 17 Fisher, C. R. J. J. Childress N. K. Sanders Symbiosis Symbiosis 229–246 5 1988 481 17 Fisher, C. R. Girguis, P. R. Science Science 198-199 315 2007 111 17 Fisher, C. R. Kennicutt II, M. C. J. M. Brooks Science Science Science Science 1094–1096 247 1990 455 17 Fornari, D. Tivey, M. Schouten, H. Perfit, M. Yoerger, D. Bradley, A. Edwards, M. Haymon, R. Scheirer, D. Von Damm, K. Geophysical Monograph Series Geophysical Monograph Series 187-217 148 r2k-cp/h 2004 564 17 Fornari, D. J. Haymon, R. M. Perfit, M. R. Gregg, T. K. P. Edwards, M. H. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 9827-9856 103 B5 1998 571 17 Fornari, D. J. Shank, T. Von Damm, K. L. Gregg, T. K. P. Haymon, R. M. Lilley, M. Levai, G. Bray, A. Perfit, M. R. Lutz, R. Earth & Planet. Sci. Lett Earth & Planet. Sci. Lett 419-431 160 1998 484 17 Foustoukos, D. I. Seyfried Jr, W. E. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2007 517 17 Foustoukos, D. I. Seyfried, Jr W. E. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 186-201 71 1 2007 Experiments were performed to investigate quartz solubility in Cl-bearing aqueous solutions at temperature (365-430 [degree sign]C) and pressure conditions (219-381 bars) near and within the two-phase region of the NaCl-KCl-H2O system. Dissolved SiO2 concentrations increased with pressure along a given isotherm, although the magnitude of this decreased with increasing proximity to the two-phase boundary. Upon intersection of the two-phase boundary, however, significant concentrations of dissolved SiO2 characterized vapor-rich fluids at both subcritical and supercritical conditions. For these fluids, dissolved silica concentrations ranged from 2.81 to 14.6 mmolal, increasing with dissolved chloride concentration. The experimental data permit regression of a density-based relationship, taking account of non-ideal activity-concentration effects, which can be used to better constrain temperatures and pressures from dissolved SiO2 and chloride in high temperature vent fluids at mid-ocean ridges. Accordingly, pressure and temperature conditions in subseafloor hydrothermal reaction zones at 9[degree sign]50'N East Pacific Rise (EPR) were estimated applying data from this experimental study to interval (1991-2002) and new field data (2004). Results indicate reaction zone at conditions ranging from 420 to 430 [degree sign]C at 600 to 1500 m below seafloor. Thus, conditions predicted for 9[degree sign]50'N East Pacific Rise (EPR) vent fluids suggest that supercritical phase separation might be more common than previously thought. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V66-4M27X6D-2/2/4bf1b8e9e1c2fb82cbc9a8181eac6819 117 17 Fustec, A. D. Desbruyères Kim Juniper, S. Biol. Oceanogr. Biological Oceanography 121–164 4 deep sea, hydrothermal vents, megabenthos, microdistribution, East Pacific Rise, temporal variations. 1987 The microdistribution of hydrothermal species at seven sites on the EPR near 13°N was studied from visual images taken by the French submersible Cyana in 1982 and 1984. These data were used to construct microtopographic mapes of vent fauna and habitat distribution. Our results sssuggest the existene of two distinct vent faunal assemblages, one found at high-temperature vents and the other at low-temperature vents. Most vent sites contained various proportions of high- and low-temperature havitat and their associated faunaa. Comparison of sites between 1982 and 1984 revealed many changes in habitat characteristics, which often had dramatic effects on the fauna. We have recorded significant growth of smokers and their rapid colonization by Alvinella pompejana ; noticeable growth and recession of pogonophoran aand serpulid populations, apparently related to fluctuations in fluid flow; dramatic regression of predator populations coincident with teh disappearance of primary consumer populations. We conclude that this microcartographic approach is a valuable tool for the sstudy of the structure of the hydrothermal vent biocenose and for preliminary investigation of the adaptation of vent organisms to thier environment and its rapid evolution. 118 17 Fustec, A. D. Desbruyères L. Laubier Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. Oceanologica Acta, special number 15–22. 8 1988 129 17 Gaill, F. Oceanus Oceanus 595-602 14 5 ECOLOGY EAST PACIFIC RISE| 1988 137 17 Gaill, F. FASEB J. 558–565 7 1993 121 5 Gaill, F. Bouligand, Y. Bairati, A. Garrone, R. Biology of invertebrate and lower vertebrate collagens 267–274 alvinellids, composition 1985 New York Plenum Press 125 17 Gaill, F. Bouligand, Y. Tiss. Cell. 625–642 19 WORM ALVINELLA-POMPEJANA BACTERIAL FLORA HYDROTHERMAL VENT EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN CUTICLE GEOMETRY| 1987 The polychaete annelid Alvinella pompejana was discovered near the hydrothermal vents, recently explored in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. This worm is protected by a cuticle deeply transformed over certain areas of the body and some changes are due to the presence of a very special bacterial flora. The present work however deals mainly with the supercoiled collagen fibrils, which are well visualized in thin sections observed by transmission electron microscopy. This character strongly differentiates this species from other annelids and worms in general, the cuticle of which includes straight and apparently non-coiled collagen fibrils. This indicates that fibrils are extensible in Alvinella, possibly under physiological conditions, and that internal pressure and local volume variations are regulated according to principles which depart from what is recognized in other worms, where cuticular fibrils are considered as inextensible. Possible models of this cuticle are discussed and particularly aspects which show a relationship with certain liquid crystals. Very different factors may be involved in morphogenesis of suck cuticles: microvilli distribution, self-assembly of collagen fibrils, mechanical constraints. An appendix recalls some classical data on worm cuticle geometry and presents an estimate of volume variations resulting from coiling of fibrils. 130 17 Gaill, F. Chanzy, H. Vuong, R. Biol. Cell. 8a only 66 1989 127 17 Gaill, F. Desbruyères, D. Laubier, L. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. 147–154 8 alvinellids 1988 124 17 Gaill, F. D. Desbruyères D. Prieur Microb. Ecol. 129–139 13 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY EPIDERMAL ASSOCIATIONS| 1987 A morphological study of bacteria associated with the "Pompei worm," Alvinella pompejana, collected from East Pacific rise hydrothermal vents, revealed four types of epidermal associations on the dorsal part of the animals: various single cells distributed on the animal tegument; clump-like associations located in the intertegumentary spaces; and filamentous bacteria associated with epidermal expansions, or inserted on the posterior parapodia. The bacterial morphologies were illustrated by SEM and TEM pictures and compared to bacteria previously described. The functional significance of these associations is discussed. 123 10 Gaill, F. Desbruyères, D. Prieur, D. Alayse-Danet, A. M. 2nd International Colloquium of Marine Bacteriology 401–406 1986 GERBAM, IFREMER, CNRS 120 17 Gaill, F. D. Desbruyères D. Prieur J. P. Gourret C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 553–558 298 HYDROTHERMAL VENT EAST PACIFIC RISE 1984. The morphological study of the bacteria associated with a polychaetous annelid, collected from 2 hydrothermal vents from East Pacific Rise (21.degree. and 13.degree.N) revealed 4 types of epidermic associations on the dorsal part of the animals: single cells, distributed on the animal tegument; cluster like associations located in the intersegmentary spaces; filamentous bacteria associated with epidermic expansions or inserted on parts of the posterior parapods. The morphological types of the observed bacteria, using SEM and TEM [scanning electrom microscopy and transmission electron microscopy] are compared to bacterial types previously described. 119 17 Gaill, F. Halpern, S. Quintana, C. Desbruyères, D. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 331–336 298 Intracellular presence of arsenic and zinc associated with sulfur in a hydrothermal vent polychaete (Alvinella pompejana), alvinellid, trace elements, metal, toxicity 1984 Juveniles of Alvinella pompejana have epidermal areas associated with bacteria. Electron probe microanalysis showed the presence of different mineral elements associated with S. Among the detected elements, As and Zn were the most abundant. S, As and Zn were detected in the epidermal cells, bacteria and their inserted matrix. The signification of their occurrence is discussed. 138 17 Gaill, F. Hamraoui, L. Sicot, F. X. Timpl, R. Eur. J. Cell Biol. European Journal of Cell Biology 392–401 65 Riftia, Alvinellids 1994 Rabbit antisera against cuticle and interstitial collagens from shallow sea water and hydrothermal vent annelids Arenicola marina, and the pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana and the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila showed a clear distinction between the two types of collagens, a broad cross-reactivity among the worm collagens and no reactions with various mammalian collagens. The antibodies reacted with various epitopes found on both triple helical and unfolded collagens. The cuticle collagens were localized by immunofluorescence to the outer surface of the epidermis and in annelids additionally to the anterior part of the digestive tract. The interstitial collagen was detected underneath the epidermis and between distinct muscle layers. Both collagens were also detected in the anterior obturaculum, a tissue unique to vestimentifera. They were located either in the periphery of the tissue cuticle collagen or in the central part interstitial collagen , which appeared to be a large extracellular matrix. Both collagens, however, showed a different supramolecular organization in the obturaculum when compared to the posterior body wall collagens. The identity of the interstitial collagens from the two locations was verified by biochemical analysis. These data demonstrate a very special and rigid matrix structure in the obturaculum, which may adapt it to specific physiological functions. 128 17 Gaill, F. Herbage, D. Lepescheux, L. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. 155–160 8 alvinellid, vestimentiferan 1988 122 17 Gaill, F. Hunt, S. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 267–274 34 1986 126 5 Gaill, F. Hunt, S. Westheide, W. Hermans, C. O. Microfauna Marina 4 61–70 1988 Stuttgart Gustav Fischer Verlag 132 17 Gaill, F. Hunt, S. Rev. Aquatic Sci. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 107–137 4 1991 139 17 Gaill, F. Mann, K. Wiedemann, H. Engel, J. Timpl, R. J. Mol. Biol. Journal of Molecular Biology 284–294 246 annelids, collagen, evolution, sequence, thermal stability, alvinellids 1995 Two types of annelid collagens of different sizes were purified, one from acetic acid extracts of the cuticle length 2.5 mu-m and the other, after pepsin digestion, from interstitial spaces of the body wall 0.3 mu-m . They were obtained from Alvinella pompejana, Alvinella caudata and Paralvinella grasslei collected at 2600 m depth around anoxic hydrothermal vents and from Arenicola marina and Nereis diversicolor living in shallow sea-water habitats. The length of the corresponding collagens from different species and their amino acid compositions including the hydroxylation of proline were remarkably similar. The melting point of the triple helix, however, differed between the Alvinella species approximates 45 degree C , Paralvinella approximates 35 degree C and the shallow sea-water annelids approximates 28 degree C , indicating adaption to habitats with different temperatures. The cuticle collagens of the annelids possess a globular domain, which is apparently involved in oligomer formation, and show similar fragment pattern. Almost identical cross-striation patterns of segment-long-spacing segments of the interstitial collagens indicated sequence similarity which was confirmed by partial Edman degradation of alpha-chains. These data showed almost complete identity between the two Alvinella species and a lower sequence identity with Paralvinella approximates 95% , Arenicola 67 to 72% and the vent vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila 64 to 71% . The data suggest a close evolutionary relationship between these worms, despite a clear separation of habitat preference and thermal stability of the collagens. 135 17 Gaill, F. Persson, J. Sugiyama, J. Vuong, R. Chanzy, H. J. Struct. Biol Journal of Structural Biology 116–128 109 1992 133 5 Gaill, F. Schillito, Bruce Chanzy, H. Goffinet, G. Da Conceicao, M. Vuong, R. Brine, C. J. Sandford, P. A. Zizakis, J. P. Advances in Chitin and Chitosan 227–231 1992 Elsevier Applied Science 136 17 Gaill, F. Shillito, B. Lechaire, J. P. Chanzy, H. Goffinet, G. Biol. Cell. Biology of the Cell Paris 201–204 76 1992 Deep-sea hydrothermal vent worms live in tubes made of giant .beta.-chitin crystallites 50 nm in diameter, several .mu.m in length embedded in a protein matrix. These chitin crystallites form a liquid-crystal-like structure differing from the well-known cholesteric arrangement of classical chitin-protein systems. Furthermore, and in contrast with the latter systems, the vestimentiferan chitin-protein systems are produced by goatskin-shaped glands. Rod-shaped elements in the lumen of these glands were identified by DCTEM and Au-WGA labeling and freeze fracture as chitin crystallites. The main characteristics of these "chitin secreting glands" are described. 140 17 Gaill, F. B. Shillito F. Ménard G. Goffinet J. Childress Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 135–143 148 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 13004 Metabolism--Carbohydrates 25508 Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Tubeworm Hydrothermal Vent Tube Production Chitin Growth Rate Tube Growth Process Vestimentum Length Tube Diameter Development Marine Ecology 1997 To understand the tube growth process of Riftia pachyptila, morphological aspects of worms and their tubes were studied. In parallel, tube secretion experiments were performed on live animals, in pressure aquaria. Dry weights of the secretions, along with their chitin content a major component of the tube were used to quantify tube production. Our results show a variation of the gross morphology of the plume and the trunk of R. pachyptila during its growth and indicate that vestimenturn length and tube diameter could be useful indices of individual and tube sizes of R. pachyptila. The presence of clumps of freshly secreted tube material at the base of the exoskeleton as well as the new observation of bifid tubes allow us to propose a model of tube growth at both ends. In this model the tube growth would exhibit a moulting-like step. Bifid shapes may help in space displacement, and the modification of the positioning in height relative to a vent could be used by an individual to modify its access to vent fluid. Tube growth at the apical end facing the plume has been quantified as a minimal estimate of the rate of tube production. Experiments performed on repressurized worms indicate that 1 mm-2 of worm vestimentum area may secrete more than 2 mu-g of dry weight tube material per day, leading to a minimum tube growth rate of 14 cm yr-1. When compared to other marine ecosystems, it is obvious that chitin production per unit of area of the vent communities, based on the R. pachyptila alone, are the highest recorded and similar values were only recorded in polluted freshwater environments. 134 5 Gaill, F. Voss-Foucart, M.-F. Gerday, Ch. Compère, Ph. Goffinet, G. Brine, C. J. Sandford, P. A. Zizakis, J. P. Advances in Chitin and Chitosan 232-236 1992 Elsevier Applied Science 131 17 Gaill, F. Wiedemann, H. Mann, K. Kühn, K. Timpl, R. Engel, J. J. Molec. Biol. Journal of Molecular Biology 209–223 221 Alvinellids, Alvinella, Paralvinella 1991 566 17 Garmany, J. Nature Nature 628-632 340 6235 1989 462 17 W. Brent Garry Tracy K. P. Gregg S. Adam Soule Daniel J. Fornari J. Geophys. Res. J. Geophys. Res. B03104 111 r2k-cp 2006 doi:10.1029/2005JB003796 512 17 Geshi, N. Umino, S. Kumagai, H. Sinton, J. M. White, S. M. Kisimoto, K. Hilde, T. W. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 61-72 258 1-2 2007 448 17 Gillis, K. M. Coogan, L. A. Pedersen, R. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 83-94 232 1-2 2005 141 17 Girguis, P. R. Childress, J. J. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 295-296 39 3-4 Carbon 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 480 17 Girguis, P. R. Lee, R. W. Science Science 312 231 2006 142 17 Girguis, Peter R. Lee, Raymond W. Desaulniers, Nicole Childress, James J. Pospesel, Mark Felbeck, Horst Zal, Franck Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2783-2790 66 7 Riftia pachyptila [tubeworm] (Pogonophora) bacteria (Bacteria): intracellular Bacteria: Microorganisms Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Bacteria Eubacteria Invertebrates Animals Microorganisms Marine Ecology (Ecology, Environmental Sciences) Microbiology Nutrition amino acids: synthesis ammonia: incorporation nitrate: acquisition, fate 7664-41-7: ammonia 14797-55-8: nitrate Metabolism Nutritional Requirements Tubeworm Growth Characteristics 2000 The hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lacks a mouth and gut and lives in association with intracellular, sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria. Growth of this tubeworm requires an exogenous source of nitrogen for biosynthesis, and, as determined in previous studies, environmental ammonia and free amino acids appear to be unlikely sources of nitrogen. Nitrate, however, is present in situ (K. Johnson, J. Childress, R. Hessler, C. Sakamoto-Arnold, and C. Beehler, Deep-Sea Res. 35:1723-1744, 1988), is taken up by the host, and can be chemically reduced by the symbionts (U. Hentschel and H. Felbeck, Nature 366:338-340, 1993). Here we report that at an in situ concentration of 40 muM, nitrate is acquired by R. pachyptila at a rate of 3.54 mumol g-1 h-1, while elimination of nitrite and elimination of ammonia occur at much lower rates (0.017 and 0.21 mumol g-1 h-1, respectively). We also observed reduction of nitrite (and accordingly nitrate) to ammonia in the trophosome tissue. When R. pachyptila tubeworms are exposed to constant in situ conditions for 60 h, there is a difference between the amount of nitrogen acquired via nitrate uptake and the amount of nitrogen lost via nitrite and ammonia elimination, which indicates that there is a nitrogen "sink." Our results demonstrate that storage of nitrate does not account for the observed stoichiometric differences in the amounts of nitrogen. Nitrate uptake was not correlated with sulfide or inorganic carbon flux, suggesting that nitrate is probably not an important oxidant in metabolism of the symbionts. Accordingly, we describe a nitrogen flux model for this association, in which the product of symbiont nitrate reduction, ammonia, is the primary source of nitrogen for the host and the symbionts and fulfills the association's nitrogen needs via incorporation of ammonia into amino acids. Biosis Journal Article July English 147 32 Goffredi, S. K. 212 1998 Santa Barbara University of California Ph.D. Toad active:Acrobat from lab:SKG_thesis.pdf 150 17 Goffredi, S. K. J. J. Childress Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 259–265 138 2001 144 17 Goffredi, S. K. Childress, J. J. Desaulniers, N. Lee, R. W. Lallier, F. H. Hammond, D. J. Exp. Biol. 883–896 200 Riftia Pachyptila Giant Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Chemosynthetic Bacteria Symbiont Hydrothermal Vent Ion Transport Carbon Fixation Symbiosis Ph Regulation N-Ethylmaleimide Inorganic Carbon Acquisition Carbon Dioxide Ingestion and Assimilation 1997 Riftia pachyptila is the most conspicuous organism living at deep sea hydrothermal vents along the East Pacific Rise. To support its large size and high growth rates, this invertebrate relies exclusively upon internal chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts. The animal must supply inorganic carbon at high rates to the bacteria, which are far removed from the external medium. We found substantial differences in body fluid total inorganic carbon ∑CO 2 both within and between vent sites when comparing freshly captured worms from a variety of places. However, the primary influence on body fluid ∑CO 2 was the chemical characteristics of the site from which the worms were collected. Studies on tubeworms, both freshly captured and maintained in captivity, demonstrate that the acquisition of inorganic carbon is apparently limited by the availability Of CO-2, as opposed to bicarbonate, and thus appears to be accomplished via diffusion of CO-2 into the plume, rather than by mediated transport of bicarbonate. The greatly elevated PCO-2 measured at the vent sites up to 12.6kPa around the tubeworms , which is a result of low environmental pH as low as 5.6 around the tubeworms , and elevated ∑CO 2 as high as 7.1 mmol 171 around the tubes speeds this diffusion. Moreover, despite large and variable amounts of internal ∑CO 2 , these worms maintain their extracellular fluid pH stable, and alkaline, in comparison with the environment. The maintenance of this alkaline pH acts to concentrate inorganic carbon into extracellular fluids. Exposure to N-ethylmaleimide, a nonspecific Hplus-minusATPase inhibitor, appeared to stop this process, resulting in a decline in extracellular pH and ∑CO 2 . We hypothesize that the worms maintain their extracellular pH by active proton-equivalent ion transport via high concentrations of Hplus-minusATPases. Thus, Riftia pachyptila is able to support its symbionts' large demand for inorganic carbon owing to the elevated PCO-2 in the vent environment and because of its ability to control its extracellular pH in the presence of large inward CO-2 fluxes. Toad active:Acrobat from lab:Shana.pdf Carbon 143 17 Goffredi, S. K. J. J. Childress N. T. Desaulniers F. H. Lallier J. Exp. Biol. Journal of Experimental Biology 2609–2616 200 1997 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are home to a variety of invertebrate species, many of which host chemosynthetic bacteria in unusual symbiotic arrangements. The vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Vestimentifera relies upon internal chemolithoautotrophic bacterial symbionts to support its large size and high growth rates. Because of this, R. pachyptila must supply sulfide to the bacteria, which are far removed from the external medium. Internal SIGMA-H-2S H-2S+HS-+S-2- can reach very high levels in R. pachyptila 2-12 mmol l-1 in the vascular blood , most of which is bound to extracellular hemoglobins. The animal can potentially take up sulfide from the environment via H-2S diffusion or via mediated uptake of HS-, or both. It was expected that H-2S diffusion would be the primary sulfide acquisition mechanism, paralleling the previously demonstrated preferential uptake of CO-2. Our data show, however, that the uptake of HS- is the primary mechanism used by R. pachyptila to obtain sulfide and that H-2S diffusion into the worm apparently proceeds at a much slower rate than expected. This unusual mechanism may have evolved because HS- is less toxic than H-2S and because HS- uptake decouples sulfide and inorganic carbon acquisition. The latter occurs via the diffusion of CO-2 at very high rates due to the maintenance of an alkaline extracellular fluid pH. SIGMA-H-2S accumulation is limited, however, to sulfide that can be bound by the hemoglobins, protecting the animal from sulfide toxicity and the symbionts from sulfide inhibition of carbon fixation. Toad active:Acrobat from lab:sulfide.pdf shanna 146 17 Goffredi, S. K. Childress, J. J. Lallier, F. H. Desaulniers, N. T. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 297-300 39 3-4 Acquisition 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 148 17 Goffredi, S. K. J. J. Childress F. H. Lallier N. T. Desaulniers Physiol. Biochem. Zool. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 296–306 72 1999 Toad active:Acrobat from lab:970129.web.pdf,Riftia ions 149 17 Goffredi, S. K. P. R. Girguis J. J. Childress N. T. Desaulniers Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 257–264 196 1999 525 17 Goldstein, S. J. Perfit, M. R. Batiza, R. Fornari, D. J. Murrell, M. T. Nature Nature 157-159 367 6459 1994 514 17 Gollner, S. Zekely, J. Govenar, B. Le Bris, N. Nemeschkal, H. L. Fisher, C. R. Bright, M. Mar Ecol Prog Ser Mar Ecol Prog Ser 39-49 337 2007 151 17 Gorodezky, L. J. J. Childress Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 123–131 120 1994 The hydrothermal vent crab Bythograea thermydron is exposed to high environmental concentrations of sulfide and low levels of oxygen for extended periods of time. It has previously been shown that hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to the relatively non-toxic thiosulfate S-2O-3-2- which accumulates in the hemolymph. Hemolymph thiosulfate levels in freshly captured crabs vary significantly among crabs from different hydrothermal vent sites as well as between crabs from different microhabitats within the same site. Hemolymph thiosulfate concentrations were not significantly different between crabs captured at the same site 6 mo apart. Hemolymph thiosulfate concentrations ranged from 66 mu-mol l-1 in a crab captured at a site with relatively low sulfide venting, to 3206 mu-mol l-1 in an individual that was netted from an active "smoker" vent with much higher sulfide exposure. The differences in hemolymph thiosulfate between sites and the stability of hemolymph thiosulfate in crabs captured at the same site at different times suggest that sulfide exposure is significantly different between sites and that this exposure may not vary significantly over the course of a few months. B. thermydron experimentally exposed to sulfide had high levels of thiosulfate in their hemolymph and increased abilities to regulate oxygen consumption in conditions of low oxygen. This enhancement of regulatory abilities suggests that the previously demonstrated increased hemocyanin-oxygen Hc-O-2 affinity due to elevated thiosulfate may be adaptive in vivo. Average oxygen-consumption rates were much higher in crabs experimentally exposed to sulfide than in unexposed crabs. Crabs injected with isosmotic thiosulfate did not have increased oxygen-consumption rates as did the sulfide-exposed individuals, but did show a similar reduction in P-c the critical partial pressure of oxygen at which crabs can no longer regulate oxygen consumption . This suggests that it is the sulfide exposure and/or detoxification rather than the elimination of thiosulfate that causes the increase in metabolic rate. Thiosulfate diffuses into dead crabs and into live crabs exposed to 15 mmol S-2O-3-2-l-1,indicating substantial permeability, and yet live crabs are able to eliminate thiosulfate when incubated in seawater containing 1.5 mmol S-2O-3-2-l-1, suggesting a process that has an active component. 513 17 Govenar, B. Fisher, C. R. Marine Ecology Marine Ecology 3-14 28 1 2007 153 17 Grassle, J. F. Science Science 713–717 229 1985 155 17 Grassle, J. F. Adv. in Mar. Biol. Advances in Marine Biology 301–362 23 1986 152 17 Grassle, J. F. L. S. Brown-Leger L. Morse-Porteous Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 443–452 6 1985 154 17 Grassle, J. P. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bulletin Of The Biological Society Of Washington 429-442 7 0 ISOZYME IMMIGRANT ECOLOGICAL GENETICS 1985 405 17 Gregg, P. M. Lin, J. Smith, D. K. Gregg, PM WHO, Joint Program Oceanog, MIT, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA WHO, Joint Program Oceanog, MIT, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Geology Geology 289-292 34 4 seismology earthquake stress triggering siqueiros transform fault transform faults east pacific rise clipperton transform fault fracture-zones plate consequences aftershocks clipperton topography seismicity 2006 APR 0091-7613 ISI:000236726900017 Seven of the eight transform systems along the equatorial East Pacific Rise from 12 degrees N to 15 degrees S have undergone extension due to reorientation of plate motions and have been segmented into two or more strike-slip fault strands offset by intratransform spreading centers (ITSCs). Earthquakes recorded along these transform systems both telleseismically and hydroacoustically suggest that segmentation geometry plays an important role in how slip is accommodated at oceanic transforms. Results of thermal calculations suggest that the thickness of the brittle layer of a segmented transform fault could be significantly reduced by the thermal effect of ITSCs. Consequently, the potential rupture area, and thus maximum seismic moment, is decreased. Using Coulomb static stress models, we illustrate that long ITSCs will prohibit static stress interaction between transform segments and limit the maximum possible magnitude of earthquakes on a given transform system. Furthermore, transform earthquakes may have the potential to trigger seismicity on normal faults flanking ITSCs. 031TL Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:24 <Go to ISI>://000236726900017 English 567 17 Gu, Y. J. Webb, S. C. Lerner-Lam, A. Gaherty, J. B. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 110 2005 156 17 Haddad, A. Camacho, F. Durand, P. Cary, S. C. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1679-1687 61 00504 General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10010 Biochemistry--Comparative Biochemistry, General 10052 Biochemistry--Biochemical Methods: Nucleic Acids, Purines and Pyrimidines 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 13202 Nutrition--General Studies, Nutritional Status and Methods 22501 Toxicology--General Methods and Experimental 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 30500 Morphology and Cytology of Bacteria 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 32000 Microbiological Apparatus, Methods and Media 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Annelids Research Article Alvinella Pompejana Bacterial Populations Ribosomal Rna Sequences Nucleotide Sequence Molecular Sequence Data Gene Cloning Bacterial Taxonomy 1995 Alvinella pompejana is a polychaetous annelid that inhabits active deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites along the East Pacific Rise, where it colonizes the walls of actively venting high-temperature chimneys. An abundant, morphologically diverse epibiotic microflora is associated with the worm's dorsal integument, with a highly integrated filamentous morphotype clearly dominating the microbial biomass. It has been suggested that this bacterial population participates in either the nutrition of the worm or in detoxification of the worm's immediate environment. The primary goal of this study was to phylogenetically characterize selected epibionts through the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Nucleic acids were extracted from bacteria collected from the dorsal surface of A. pompejana. 16S rRNA genes were amplified with universal bacterial primers by the PCR. These genes were subsequently cloned, and the resulting clone library was screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify distinct clone types. The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis identified 32 different clone families in the library. Four of these families were clearly dominant, representing more than 65% of the library. Representatives from the four most abundant clone families were chosen for complete 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. These gene sequences were analyzed by a variety of phylogenetic inference methods and found to be related to the newly established epsilon subdivision of the division Proteobacteria. Secondary structural model comparisons and comparisons of established signature base positions in the 16S rRNA confirmed the placement of the Alvinella clones in the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Journal article; molecular sequence data; research article 447 17 Hallenborg, E. Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Wilson, D. S. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B11 2003 441 17 Hammond, W. C. Toomey, D. R. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH Journal of Geophysical Research 2176 108 B4 2003 158 17 Hand, S.C. Biol. Bull Biological Bulletin 260–276 173 1987 Horst's--Proofs 157 17 Hand, S. C. Somero, G. N. Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 167–181 165 1983 568 17 Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Orcutt, J. A. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 13,925–13,944 98 1993 483 17 Harmon, N. Forsyth, D. W. Lamm, R. Webb, S. C. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 112 B3 2007 159 17 Hart, S. R. Blusztajn, J. Science Science 883-886 280 5365 1998 The clam Calyptogena magnifica lives at abyssal depths in association with hydrothermal venting on midocean ridges. Analysis of strontium/calcium ratios in C. magnifica shells provides a temperature proxy with submonthly time resolution. A 21-year strontium/calcium record of two clams from 9 degree 50'N on the East Pacific Rise captures the known 1991 and 1992 eruptive events, documents several additional events between 1992 and 1996, and demonstrates the absence of major hydrothermal episodes during the period 1974 to 1991. These clam archives can increase our understanding of the thermal and chemical history of midocean ridge hydrothermal and volcanic activity on decadal time scales. V280 n5365 Hart, SR 312 17 Haymon, R. Fornari, D. Lutz, R. Von Damm, K. Perfit, M. Lilley, M. Shanks, W. C., III Macdonald, K. Edwards, M. Nelson, D. Colodner, D. Kappus, M. Wright, D. Black, M. Scheirer, D. Edmonds, H. Olson, E. Geiselman, T. RIDGE Events 3 1-2 1992 313 5 Haymon, R. M. MacLeod, C. J. Tyler, P. Walker, C. L. Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal, and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges 157-168 118 1996 London Geological Society of London Special Publication 391 17 Haymon, R. M. Fornari, D. J. Edwards, M. H. Carbotte, S. Wright, D. MacDonald, K. C. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 513-534 104 2-4 1991 160 17 Haymon, R. M. Fornari, D. J. Von Damm, K. L. Lilley, M. D. Perfit, M. R. Edmond, J. M. Shanks III, W. C. Lutz, R. A. Grebmeier, J. M. Carbotte, S. Wright, D. McLaughlin, E. Smith, M. Beedle, N. Olson, E. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 85–101 119 1993 n April, 1991, we witnessed from the submersible Alvin a suite of previously undocumented seafloor phenomena accompanying an in-progress eruption of the mid-ocean ridge on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45'N-52'N. The volume of the eruption could not be precisely determined, although comparison of pre- and post-eruption SeaBeam bathymetry indicate that any changes in ridge crest morphology resulting from the eruption were < 10 m high. Effects of the eruption included: (1) increased abundance and redistribution of hydrothermal vents, disappearance of numerous vent communities, and changes in characteristics of vent fauna and mineral deposits within the eruption area since December, 1989; (2) murkiness of bottom waters up to tens of meters above the seafloor due to high densities of suspended mineral and biogenic particulates; (3) destruction of a vent community by lava flows, mass wasting, and possible hydrovoicanic explosion at a site known as 'Tubeworm Barbecue' in the axial summit caldera (ASC) at 9°50.6'N; (4) near-critical temperatures of hydrothermal vent fluids, ranging up to 403°C; (5) temporal variations over a 2 week interval in both temperatures and chemical/isotopic compositions of hydrothermal fluids; (6) unusual compositions of end-member vent fluids, with pH values ranging to a record low of 2.5, salinities ranging as low as 0.3 wt% NaCl (one-twelfth that of seawater), and dissolved gases reaching high concentrations (> 65 mmol/l for both C0 2 and H 2 S); (7) venting at temperatures above 380°C of visually detectable white vapor that ransformed to plumes of gray smoke a few centimeters above vent orifices; (8) disorganized venting of both high-temperature fluids (black and gray smoke) and large volumes of cooler, diffuse hydrothermal fluids directly from the basaltic seafloor, rather than from hydrothermal mineral constructions; (9) rapid and extensive growth of flocculent white bacterial mats (species unknown) on and under the seafloor in areas experiencing widespread venting of diffuse hydrothermal fluid; and (10) subseafloor downslope migration of magma normal to the ridge axis in a network of small-scale (1-5 m diameter) lava tubes and channels to distances at least 100-200 m outside the ASC. We suggest that, in April, 1991, intrusion of dikes in the eruption area to < 200 m beneath the ASC floor resulted in phase separation of fluids near the tops of the dikes and a large flux of vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids through the overlying rubbly, cavernous lavas. Low salinities and gas-rich compositions of hydrothermal fluids sampled in the eruption area are appropriate for a vapor phase in a seawater system undergoing subcritical liquid-vapor phase separation (boiling) and phase segregation. Hydrothermal fluids streamed directly from fissures and pits that may have been loci of lava drainback and/or hydrovoicanic explosions. These fissures and pits were lined with white mats of a unique fast-growing bacteria that was the only life associated with the brand-new vents. The prolific bacteria, which covered thousands of square meters on the ridge crest and were also abundant in subseafloor voids, may thrive on high levels of gases in the vapor-rich hydrothermal fluids initially escaping the hydrothermal system. White bacterial particulates swept from the seafloor by hydrothermal vents swirled in an unprecedented biogenic 'blizzard' up to 50 m above the bottom. The bacterial proliferation of April, 1991 islikely to be a transient bloom that will be checked quickly either by decline of dissolved gas concentrations in the fluids as rapid heat loss brings about cessation of boiling, and/or by grazing as other organisms are reestablished in the biologically devastated area. 392 17 Haymon, R. M. Fornari, D. J. von Damm, K. L. Lilley, M. D. Perfit, M. R. Edmond, J. M. Shanks, W. C. Lutz, R. A. Grebmeier, J. M. Carbotte, S. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 85-101 119 1-2 1993 161 17 Hentschel, U. Felbeck, H. Nature Nature 338-340 366 6453 1993 The vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is found around hydrothermal vent areas in the deep sea. Intracellular bacterial chemoautotrophic symbionts use the oxidation of sulphide from the effluent of the vents as an energy source for CO 2 fixation. They apparently provide most or all of the nutritional requirements for their gutless hosts 1-5 . This kind of symbiosis has since been found in many other species from various other phyla from other habitats 6-9 . Here we present results that the bacteria of R. pachyptila may cover a significant fraction of their respiratory needs by the use of nitrate in addition to oxygen. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite, which may be the end product (nitrate respiration) 10 or it may be further reduced to nitrogen gas (denitrification) 11 . This metabolic trait may have an important role in the colonization of hypoxic habitats in general by animals with this kind of symbiosis. 162 17 Hentschel, U. Pospesel, M. A. Felbeck, H. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 301-304 39 3-4 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 163 17 Hessler, R. R. J. Crustacean Biol. Journal of Crustacean Biology 655-664 4 4 MUSSEL VESTIMENTIFERAN NEBALIOPSIDAE NEW FAMILY NEBALLIDAE EYESTALK DESCRIPTION TAXONOMY GALAPAGOS EAST PACIFIC RISE| 1984 The leptostracan DAHLELLA caldariensis gen. et sp. nov. is common at hydrothermal vents on the Galapagos spreading center and the East Pacific Rise. It was found in the throat of vent openings and clumps of mussels and vestimentiferans. The genus is most strikingly recognized by its elongate, dentate eyestalk. Living leptostracans are realigned among 2 families, Nebaliopsidae, new family, and Nebaliidae which are diagnosed. 167 5 Hessler, R. R. Kaharl, V. Humphris, S. E. Zierenberg, R. A. Mullineaux, L. S. Thomson, R. E. Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions 72–84 Washington 1995 American Geophysical Union 164 5 Hessler, R. R. Smithey, W. M., Jr. P. A. Rona K. Boström L. Laubier Smith, K. L., Jr. Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centers 735 – 770 1983 New York Plenum Press 166 17 Hessler, R. R. W. M. Smithey M. A. Boudrias C. H. Keller R. A. Lutz J. J. Childress Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1681 – 1710 35 10/11 BACTERIA MYTILID VESTIMENTIFERAN VESICOMYID ANEMONE GALATHEID WHELK BIVALVE SIPHONOPHORE ENTEROPNEUST SERPULID POPULATION DYNAMICS DOMINANCE COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 1988 Hydrothermal vent communities must undergo substantial temporal change because of their dynamic physical milieu. This was verified in March 1985, when the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent on the Galapagos Rift was revisited after 51/4 years' absence Comparison of photographs from the two visits revealed considerable faunal change. Among the hosts to chemoautotrophic bacteria, vestimentiferans were reduced from dominance to very low numbers. The Mytilid was now extremely abundant and dominated vent openings. Vesicomyids also were more abundant. In general, vent-field suspension feeders had declined; anemones were distinctly less abundant, and siphonophores and enteropneusts were virtually absent. The decline of serpulids were likely, but less obvious. Of the mobile scavengers and carnivores, both galatheids and whelks were distinctly more common. These community changes appear to result from both continuing recruitment and changes in the physical milieu. While the growth of some populations could have resulted from expanding opportunities, the populations of at least one, the vesicomyid, had not achieved carrying capacity in 1979, and this could have pertained to others as well. The desrease of vestimentiferans may have been caused by declining vent-water flux, a process that would favor mytilids, or more complete vent-water filtration by the mytilids themselves. The same factors also could explain the reduction of vent-field feeders. These observatons suggest that early stages in the cycle of Galapogos-type vent communities are likely to be dominatd by vestimeniferans, but that bivalves will replace them with time. 165 17 Hessler, R. R. W. M. Smithey C. H. Keller Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 465 – 474 6 CALYPTOGENA-MAGNIFICA RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA FAUNAL REPLACEMENT TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 1985 172 17 Hoaki, T. Wirsen, C. O. Hanzawa, S. Maruyama, T. Jannasch, H. W. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 610-613 59 Thermococcaceae 1992- Desulfurococcaceae 1992- 13002 Metabolism--General Metabolism Metabolic Pathways 13006 Metabolism--Lipids 13012 Metabolism--Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids 13224 Nutrition--Proteins, Peptides and Amino Acids 1972- 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10066 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Lipids 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- Microorganisms Bacteria Archaeobacteria Metabolic Products Acetate Isobutyrate Isovalerate 1993 Two sulfur-dependent hyperthermophilic archaea, Desulfurococcus strain SY and Pyrococcus strain GB-D, which were isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, utilized free amino acids and peptides obtained from various molecular size fractions of yeast extract. It was found that 11 amino acids were essential for growth. The metabolic products were acetate, i-butyrate, and i-valerate. Journal article 490 17 Houghton, J. L. Seyfried, W. E. Banta, A. B. Reysenbach, A. L. Extremophiles Extremophiles 371-382 11 2 2007 311 17 Hourdez, S. Desbruyères, D. Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 97-102 41 Taxonomy 2000 169 17 Hourdez, S. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Zoomorphology Zoomorphology 225-233 118 4 Sulfide oxidation urechis-caupo solemya-reidi ultrastructure 1998 The gills of three species of Branchipolynoe have been studied in order to better understand the morphological and anatomical adaptations of their respiratory system. These Polynoidae live commensally inside the pallial cavity of different species of Bathymodiolus (Mytilidae), found clustered near deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, and which harbor chemolithoautotrophic bacteria in their gills. As the mussels exploit hy drothermal fluid, the pallial cavity is perfused with a sulfide-rich hydrothermal water. The gills of Branchipolynoe species are well-developed branched outgrows of the body wall, located on the parapodia, and filled with coelomic fluid. They do not contain blood vessels. Living animals are red, due to the presence of extracellular hemoglobins in the coelom. The gill epidermis is made of supporting cells and a few ciliated cells arranged in longitudinal rows along the branches. Myoepithelial and ciliated cells line the interior of the coelomic cavity which contains the respiratory pigments. Coelomic fluid circulation inside the gills and body cavity is probably facilitated by both the cilia and myoepithelial contractions. The cuticle, the epidermis, and the coelomic epithelium are completely devoid of bacteria. The gill surface areas per unit body weight and the minimum diffusion distances, between external milieu and coelomic hemoglobins, have been calculated and compared with data already obtained on vascular gills of littoral or hydrothermal species of Polychaeta. In Branchipolynoe species, the respiratory surface area is very large, similar to that of a free-living hydrothermal species Alvinella pompejana, and the minimum diffusion distance is short, similar to that of the Littoral species Arenicola marina. Although the organization of these coelomic gills in Branchipolynoe species is totally different from that of usual Vascular gills, their characteristics represent a unique and effective respiratory system in Polynoidae which has adapted to the hypoxic and sulfide-rich micro-habitat which probably holds in the mantle cavity of vent mussels. In the gill epidermis, numerous secondary and large compound lysosomes are present which might be involved in sulfide detoxification. DEC ZOOMORPHOLOGY 168 17 Hourdez, S. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Lallier, F. H. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France Evolution et Zoologie 166-167 122 Pelecypoda Polychaeta 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10012 Biochemistry--Gases 1970- 14004 Digestive System--Physiology and Biochemistry 15002 Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Blood and Lymph Studies 16004 Respiratory System--Physiology and Biochemistry 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Annelids Meeting Abstract Meeting Poster Branchipolynoe Seepensis Branchipolynoe Symmytilida Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Commensal Hydrothermal Mussel Commensalism Pallial Cavity Hydrothermal Environment Ocean Water Temperature Oxygen Concentration Morphology Extracellular Hemoglobin Coelomic Cavity Circulatory System Epidermis Coelomic Epithelium Cilia Respiratory Exchange Physiology Digestive System Blood and Lymphatics Integumentary System 1997 Conference literature Annual Meeting of the Societe Zoologique de France Zoological Society of France , Nantes, France, July 3-5, 1995. 170 17 Hourdez, S. Lallier, F. H. Green, B. N. Toulmond, A. Proteins-Structure Function and Genetics Proteins 427-434 34 4 annelid invertebrate Hb multidomain Hb electrospray mass spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry multi-angle laser light scattering Worm riftia-pachyptila polypeptide-chain composition ionization-mass-spectrometry extracellular hemoglobin system polychaeta myoglobin evolution biology clam 1999 Branchipolynoe symmytilida and B. seepensis are two scaleworms (Polychaeta; Polynoidae) living commensally in the mantle cavity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent and cold-seep mussels. In contrast with littoral members of this family, the two species exhibit a large amount of extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) in their coelomic fluid. Gel Filtration revealed the existence of four different Hbs: one minor, high molecular mass (3 10(6) Da) Hb, V1-Hb, reminiscent of a vascular hexagonal bilayer annelid Hb; two major coelomic Hbs, C1-Hb, and C2-Hb, with unusual masses for extracellular annelid Hbs of 153 and 124 kDa respectively; and a minor probably coelomic Hb of 23 kDa (C3- Hb). Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE after subtilisin treatment, and tandem mass spectrometry, we showed that C1-Hb is a trimer of a 57,996 Da chain and C2-Hb is a dimer of a 57,648 Da chain, each chain being a four-domain/ four-heme polypeptide, This multimeric, multidomain arrangement is unique among annelid Hbs and appears different from that of other known multidomain Hbs. Proteins 1999;34:427-434. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MAR 1 PROTEIN-STRUCT FUNCT GENET 171 17 Hourdez, S. Lallier, F. H. Martin-Jezequel, V. Weber, R. E. Toulmond, A. Proteins-Structure Function and Genetics Proteins 435-442 34 4 annelid respiratory pigments oxygen affinity cooperativity amino acid content buffer properties Riftia-pachyptila amino-acids tube-worm system derivatization multiplicity protein 1999 Polychaete species belonging to the genus Branchipolynoe are commensal with mussels from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold-seeps. Possessing hemoglobins (Hbs), the species B. symmytilida, which is found in the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus on the East Pacific Rise, is exceptional in a family normally devoid of respiratory pigments. In a previous paper(1) we described two major coelomic extracellular hemoglobins with unique quaternary structures. Aiming to discern respiratory adaptations to the highly variable hydrothermal environment, this paper characterizes the functional properties of these Hbs and the coelomic fluid. The two major hemoglobins (C1 and C2) exhibit spectrophotometric characteristics of both intra- and extracellular hemoglobins, However, their amino acid content is very different from other known hemoglobins and is characterized by a high proportion of alanine and glycine (up to 40% cumulated in C1), C1 and C2 differ markedly by their cysteine content (0.8% and 13% respectively). The coelomic fluid exhibits a strong buffer capacity due to the high hemoglobin content (3 mM heme), In vitro, CO2 accumulation (up to 10-12 mM CO2 for P-CO2 = 7.5 Torr) occurs with limited pH changes and is only partly accounted for by carbamino-Hb formation. The two hemoglobins exhibit high oxygen-affinities (P-50 0.4 Torr for C1 and 0.9 Torr for C2, at 10 degrees C, pH 8) and a normal Bohr effect (Phi values ranging from -0.54 and -0.37 at 10 degrees C, to - 0.24 and -0.28 at 30 degrees C, for C1 and C2, respectively), Cooperativity values range from 0.8 to 1.9 for C1 and from 0.8 to 1.7 for C2, The temperature sensitivity of O-2 affinity reflect Delta H values that decrease from -30 to -60 kJ mol(-1) with increasing pH, C2 exhibits a slight specific effect of CO2 on oxygenation properties. Proteins 1999; 34:435-442. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MAR 1 PROTEIN-STRUCT FUNCT GENET 173 17 Hughes, D. S. Felbeck, H. Stein, J. L. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 3494-3498 63 Bacteria-General Unspecified 1992- Pogonophora 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 10806 Enzymes--Chemical and Physical 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Riftia Pachyptila Bacterial Endosymbiont Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Enzyme Source Histidine Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Proteins Rssa Gene u93704 Enzymology Molecular Genetics Amino Acid Sequence 1997 The uncultivated bacterial endosymbionts of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila play a central role in providing their host with fixed carbon. While this intimate association between host and symbiont indicates tight integration and coordination of function via cellular communication mechanisms, no, such systems have been identified. To elucidate potential signal transduction pathways in symbionts that may mediate symbiont-host communication, we cloned and characterized a gene encoding a histidine protein kinase homolog isolated from a symbiont fosmid library. The gene, designated rssA for Riftia symbiont signal kinase , resembles known sensor kinases and encodes a protein capable of phosphorylating response regulators in Escherichia coli. A second open reading frame, rssB for Riftia symbiont signal regulator , encodes a protein similar to known response regulators. These results suggest that the symbionts utilize a phosphotransfer signal transduction mechanism to communicate external signals that may mediate recognition of or survival within the host. The specific signals eliciting a response by the signal transduction proteins of the symbiont remain to be elucidated. Journal article; research article 314 10 Hughes, D.S. Felbeck, H. Stein, J.L. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Proceedings of the first international symposium on deep-sea hydrothermal vent biology 305-308 39 1998 Madeira, Portugal Station Biologique de Roscoff 174 17 Humes, A. G. Lutz, R. A. Journal of Crustacean Biology 337-345 14 Copepoda 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 11102 Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy 62800 Animal Distribution 1971- 63554 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Arthropoda-Crustacea 64054 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Arthropoda-Crustacea 00504 General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Crustaceans Research Article Aphotopontius Acanthinus New Species Aphotopontius Mammillatus Identification Morphology Description Geographic Distribution 1994 A new species of siphonostomatoid, Aphotopontius acanthinus, is described from deep-sea vents at the East Pacific Rise. Although close to Aphotopontius mammillatus Humes, 1987, the female of A. acanthinus is distinguished by the genital double-somite being wider than long, not indented laterally, and possessing a pair of anterior lateral spiniform processes; the male by the elongated extension on the fifth segment of the antennule having a tripartite tip plus a spiniform seta and a much smaller seta. It is hypothesized that the large population of Aphotopontius acanthinus is sustained by the high production of chemosynthetic bacteria at the vents. Video photographs show the copepod living on the carapaces of brachyuran crabs, on limpets, and on bacteria-covered inorganic and organic surfaces. Journal article; research article 315 17 Humes, A.G. Segonzac, M. Cahiers de Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 51-62 39 1998 436 17 Hung, S. H. Forsyth, D. W. Toomey, D. R. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 7945-7960 105 B4 2000 175 17 Johnson, K. S. C. L. Beehler C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold J. J. Childress Science Science Science Science 1139 – 1141 231 1986 178 17 Johnson, K. S. J. J. Childress C. L. Beehler Deep-Sea Res. 1711 – 1722 35 10/11 1988 179 17 Johnson, K. S. J. J. Childress C. L. Beehler C. M. Sakamoto Deep Sea-Res. Deep-Sea Research 993–1011 41 1994 Continuous measurements of sulfide, silicate and temperature were made in situ from the submersible Alvin in the Rose Garden and New Vent hydrothermal fields of the Galapagos Spreading Center. Continuous measurements of temperature also were made for an 18 day period in the Rose Garden field. The results demonstrate several adaptations that appear to have contributed to the success of the vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus in the Rose Garden. Dense clusters of B. thermophilus can disperse the hydrothermal fluids laterally for distances of several meters. This results in a large increased in the area of the redox transition zone, where both dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulfide are available. As a result, the animal communities can grow to occupy areas that would not otherwise provide adequate reduced substrates. Measurements of the temperature demonstrate a distinct tidal periodicity. This periodicity will result in a large range of environmental conditions within the vent community. The mussel can tolerate these wide ranges in condition because of its ability to accept long periods of anoxia and to filter feed. 176 17 Johnson, K. S. J. J. Childress R. R. Hessler C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold C. L. Beehler Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1723 – 1744. 35 10/11 1988 177 17 Johnson, K.S. C.M. Sakamoto-Arnold J.J. Childress C.L. Beehler Eos Eos Eos Eos 1271 69 44 1988 184 17 Jollivet, D. Biodiversity and Conservation Biodiversity and Conservation 1619–1653 5 hydrothermal vents biodiversity genetic variabilty speciation 1996 Hydrothermal vent communities are ancient (i.e. early Mesozoic) and characterized by high biomasses,low number of species and high levels of endemism. However, little is known about the ecology and behaviour of the vent macro- and megafauna. Data on the biology and the life-history of hydrothermal-vent organisms are scarce and lead us to hypothesize various wavs in which such species disperse and colonize their habitat. Such biological and ecological patterns are important for assessing, both the spatial and temporal distribution of the vent fauna and the evolution of such peculiar species with geological times and, therefore need to be reviewed. Scattered information referring to vent-site distribution. bottom currents, temporal evolution of the vent emissions and their implication on the related fauna have been accumulated over the last decade. To date, several ecological and penetic studies have attempted to analyse vent fauna structures to understand how populations and communities evolve with time in such a patchy and unstable environment. They also provide faunistic comparisons across the vent communities discovered so far on well-separated oceanic ridges. This article provides a synthetic overview on biodiversity in deep-sea hydrothermal genetic diversity of hydrothermal-vent species and factors responsible for similarities or differences among the vent fauna within and between well-separated venting areas of the Atlantic and Pacific ridges. 348 17 Jollivet, D. Chevaldonne, P. Planque, B. Evolution Evolution 1128-1142 53 4 alvinellid polychaetes deep-sea hydrothermal vents dispersal gene flow metapopulation simulations POPULATION-STRUCTURE GENE FLOW PARALVINELLA-GRASSLEI REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA EXTINCTION COLONIZATION DISTANCE RISE DIFFERENTIATION 1999 810 E 10Th Street, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA Soc Study Evolution 0014-3820 Marine organisms typically fall into two main categories: those with a high level of population structuring and those with a low one. The first are often found to be poor dispersers, following isolation by distance or stepping-stone theoretical predictions. The second are commonly associated with hi,oh-dispersal taxa and are best described by the island model. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems represent a good model for studying one-dimensional metapopulations. Whereas isolation by distance might be expected to be the rule in such a system for species with limited dispersal capabilities, a biological paradox can be observed: an apparent genetic homogeneity in some vent species with short-scale dispersal potential, in a one-dimensional fragmented habitat. This can be explained if one key assumption of the existing models is not met gene flow between populations and genetic drift may not have the time to equilibrate. Geophysical models revealed that hydrothermal convection is intrinsically unstable, inducing processes of coalescence or splitting of venting areas in a chaotic manner. This is likely to generate frequent extinctions and recolonizations. Theoretical genetic predictions derived from extinctions/recolonizations cannot satisfactorily model a situation where habitat shifts are frequent and constantly affect the metapopulation equilibrium. Because neither the island and the stepping-stone models nor the classical metapopulation models resemble the hydrothermal vent reality, we present here a realistic model developed to provide a compromise between existing conceptual models and what is currently known of the biology and ecology of one of the most peculiar and best-studied vent species, the polychaete Alvinella pompejana. This model allows us to define the boundaries between which the metapopulation is evolutionary stable in an unstable context. Simulations show different patterns in which metapopulation size and recolonization vary but reach an equilibrium despite chaotic vent extinctions. In contrast, the model also shows that displacing habitat continuously affects the equilibrium between gene flow and drift. As a consequence, the time required to balance these evolutionary forces can never be attained, leading to chaotic fluctuations in F-statistics. Those fluctuations are mainly due to stochastic changes of the interpatch distance which affect migration rates. The shifting of active zones of venting can episodically counterbalance differentiation and allow a long-term genetic homogenization at the ridge scale. These findings lead to a new concept in which the exchanges between populations would mainly depend on the habitat's movements along the ridge axis rather than the organim's dispersal. We therefore propose a new model based on patch-network displacements in which transient contact zones allow low levels of gene flow throughout the metapopulation. Article Jollivet D, CNRS, Biol Stn, BP 74, Pl Georges Teissier, F-29682 Roscoff, FRANCE 347 17 Jollivet, D. Comtet, T. Chevaldonne, P. Hourdez, S. Desbruyeres, D. Dixon, D.R. Cah Biol Mar Cahiers de Biologie Marine 359-362 39 3-4 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS MYTILIDAE PACIFIC 1998 Station Biologique Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France Cahiers De Biologie Marine 0007-9723 Article Jollivet D, UPMC, CNRS, Biol Stn, Equipe Ecophysiol, INSU, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff, FRANCE 316 17 Jollivet, D. Desbruyères, D. Evolution 204 93 1993 375 5 Jollivet, D. Desbruyères, D. Evolution 93 204 1993 Montpellier 183 17 Jollivet, D. Desbruyeres, D. Bonhomme, F. Moraga, D. Heredity 376-391 74 - Animals Invertebrates Annelids Research Article Alvinella Pompejana Alvinella Caudata Paralvinella Geasslei Allozyme Analysis Gene Flow Selection Genetic Drift 1995 The alvinellid polychaetes, which live in the hottest part of the deep-sea hydrothermal environment, have a nested island-like distribution and locally are subjected to extinctions. They are sedentary and exhibit a peculiar reproductive behaviour and a development which may result in little or no planktonic stage i.e. larval dispersal . The genetic variation within and among populations of the three main species Alvinella pompejana, Alvinella caudata and Paralvinella grasslei inhabiting vents along the East Pacific Rise was examined at a hierarchy of spatial scales using allozyme electrophoresis. The genetic diversity of P. grasslei is high H-o 0.24 , about twice that of both the Alvinella species H-o 0.10 . The three species show a strong tendency towards a heterozygote deficiency which systematically occurs at the same loci in nearly an the populations. These structures are particularly obvious in the genus Alvinella and might be explained by differential allozyme fitness. Populations display considerable genetic differentiation at the microgeographical scale, which could be explained by repeated founder effects in populations, but it varies from species to species according to their possible ability to be transported by crabs from vent to vent. However, the genetic variation among populations separated by at least 1000 km is of the same magnitude as that found within the 13 degree N/EPR segment. These results demonstrate that each species maintains its genetic identity along the oceanic rifts despite the evidence for founder effects. To explain this phenomenon, we hypothesize that in such a harsh environment, genetic drift in alvinellid populations could be balanced by a uniform selective pressure stemming from the vent chemistry. Journal article; research article 182 17 Jollivet, D. Desbruyères, D. Ladrat, C. Laubier, L. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 125–136 123 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents . Allozymes . Aspartate-amino transferase . Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase . Phosphoglucomutase . Temperature . Selection 1995 Alvinellid polychaetes are, to date, restricted to deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the eastern and the western ridges of the Pacific Ocean. These organisms live in various sulfide-rich habitats, including the hottest part of the hydrothermal environment i.e. chimneys . They experience transient anoxia, high levels of heavy metals and H-2S, natural radioactivity and temperatures ranging from 5 to 80 degree C which vary greatly with time. The Alvinellidae, as many vent organisms, have developed specific adaptations to cope with this harsh and unstable environment. Enzyme systems are good markers of the adaptation of ectotherms to temperature, which acts on both enzyme kinetics and protein denaturation. We estimated genetic distances between 11 alvinellid species using a data set of allozymes and studied in vitro allozyme thermostabilities of aspartate-amino transferase AAT , glucose-6-phosphate isomerase GPI and phosphoglucomutase PGM , which may play a role in orientating aerobic versus anaerobic metabolism pathways, for 8 species using the most common homozygous genotypes. Results show great genetic divergences between species living in distinct microhabitats as well as strong thermostability differences within and between species which also rely on different enzymatic strategies phenotypic plasticity versus genetic variability . Allelic fitness to temperature in a highly fluctuating environment may explain the high level of polymorphism found in alvinellids and may have also provided sufficient genetic divergence between individuals living in distinct thermal regimes to produce speciation. 180 17 Jollivet, D. Dixon, L. R. J. Desbruyeres, D. Dixon, D. R. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 113-130 78 1 Effective population-size reproductive-biology gene flow paralvinella-grasslei galapagos rift dna evolution recolonization extinction ecology 1998 The rDNA repeat-unit of the vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana was investigated using restriction analysis. Mapping revealed evidence of rDNA polymorphism within and between individuals which was due to individual restriction site variation and sequence rearrangements involving spacer regions. The size of the repeat unit was 10.5 kb with virtually no evidence of length variation. Sequence inversions indicated the presence of two spatially-distinct subfamilies of repeats, probably on different chromosome pairs. Animals from contrasting vent habitats with respect to age and chemical emissions (young vs old chimneys and white vs black smokers) from within the 13 degrees N/EPR (East Pacific Rise) vent sector were analysed for evidence of population differentiation. Based on individual restriction site variation, average F-ST estimates across neighbouring populations were in the region of similar to 0.05 and differed significantly from zero. This level of genetic differentiation is comparable to values reported previously for allozymes. Spatial and temporal allelic frequency variances estimated from pairwise combinations (i.e. s(2)S and s(2)T) strongly suggested that differences in allelic frequency were the result of repeated extinction/recolonization events associated with the vent instability. Estimates of the effective population size derived from standardized temporal allelic frequency variances Fks were very low compared to actual population size indicating great temporal fluctuations in the former. Theoretically, such an effective population size is not sufficient to maintain the observed level of polymorphism within the 13 degrees N/EPR vent sector. Results are therefore consistent with a 'propagule' colonization-type model in which extinction/recolonization rates are high. In Alvinella, planktonic larval dispersal appears sufficient to overcome any genetic differentiation resulting from drift, but these findings also indicate that propagules may only be capable of dispersing a few tens of kilometres per generation. FEB J MAR BIOL ASSN UK 349 17 Jollivet, D. Empis, A. Baker, M. C. Hourdez, S. Comtet, T. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Desbruyères, D. Tyler, P. A. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 55-68 80 2000 181 17 Jollivet, D. Faugeres, J-C. Griboulard, R. Desbruyeres, D. Blanc, G. Prog. Oceanog. Progress in Oceanography 25–45 24 methane mussel, ecology, vesicomyids, vestimentiferans 1990 346 17 Jollivet, D. Hashimoto, J. Auzende, J. -M. Honza, E. Ruellan, E. Dutt, S. Iwabushi, Y. Jarvis, P. Joshima, M. Kawai, T. Kawamoto, T. Kisimoto, K. Lafoy, Y. Matzumoto, T. Mitzusawa, K. Naganuma, T. Naka, J. Otsuka, K. Otsuki, A. Rao, B. Tanahashi, M. Tanaka, T. Temakon, J. Urabe, T. Veivau, T. Yokokura, T. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Compte Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 301-308 309 Série III Hydrothermalism, Back-arc basin, community, distribution 1989 185 17 Jones, M.L. Science Science Science Science 333–336 213 1981 186 17 Jones, M. L. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. The Hydrothermal Vents of the Eastern Pacific: An Overview, M. L. Jones, ed. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 117–158 6 1985 187 17 Jones, M. L. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 347 6 1985 188 17 Jones, M. L. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1049–1050 100 1987 190 17 Jones, M. L. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. Actes du Colloque Hydrothermalisme, Biologie et Ecologie, L. Laubuer, ed. Oceanologica Acta Special Volume 69 – 82 8 1988 189 17 Jones, M. L. Gardiner, S. L. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 423 – 433 101 1988 191 17 Jones, M. L. Gardiner, S. L. Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 254–276 177 1989 192 17 Jouin, C. Gaill, F. Prog. Oceanog. Progress in Oceanography 59–70 24 alvinellid, sulfide, mitochondria 1990 317 17 Jouin-Toulmond, C. Augustin, D. Desbruyères, D. Toulmond, A. Cahiers de Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 135-151 37 1996 463 17 David Jousselin Robert Dunn Douglas R. Toomey Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 8610 4 7 r2k-m 2003 1525-2027 doi:10.1029/2002GC000418 351 17 Juniper, S. K. Oceanol. Acta Océanologica Acta 167-172 8 Alvinella 1988 193 17 Juniper, S. K. Martineu, P. American Zoologist 174-185 35 Polychaeta 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- 13010 Metabolism--Minerals 18504 Integumentary System--Physiology and Biochemistry 22506 Toxicology--Environmental and Industrial Toxicology 52805 Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry 1970- 64030 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Annelida 10069 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Minerals Animals Invertebrates Annelids Literature Review Paralvinella Sulfide Oxidation Mineral Precipitation Physico-Chemical Gradient Mucus Layer Toxicity Eastern Pacific Ocean 1995 At Eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents, alvinellid polychaetes are among the first metazoans to colonize newly formed surfaces of sulfide chimneys. In this environment of rapid mineral precipitation, alvinellids are confronted by steep physico-chemical gradients and high temporal variability. This paper examines the interaction of alvinellids with chimney mineralization processes and then reviews what is known of mechanisms that could enable these worms to deal with potentially toxic levels of sulfide in their environment. Studies of sulfide chimneys consistently show mineralogy to be locally modified around alvinellid tubes. This may be linked to sulfide oxidation products that accumulate in tube material or to the circulation of seawater through the tube. At high worm densities, these local effects may have a significant influence on larger scale sulfide accretion processes that determine chimney morphology. Alvinellid polychaetes may have several lines of defense against sulfide. Tubes and mucous layers could act as passive barriers to reduce inward diffusion of sulfide across posterior surfaces. Colonization of epidermal and tube surfaces by bacteria that might be sulfide oxidizing, could create an active external barrier in some species. Sulfide oxidation by tissue homogenates has been demonstrated in two Paralvinella species, where it may serve to protect oxidative respiration from sulfide entering worm tissues. Sulfide binding in blood has not been studied in any of the alvinellids. Journal article; review 350 17 Juniper, S. K. Thompson, J. A. Calvert, S. E. Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 339-347 33 3 1986 318 5 Juniper, S. K. Tunnicliffe, V. Desbruyères, D. Murray, G. R. Gorda Ridge, a seafloor spreading center in the United States Economic Zone 265-278 1987 Springer-Verlag 352 5 Juniper, S. K. Tunnicliffe, V. Desbruyères, D G. R. McMurray Gorda Ridge: A Frontier Area in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone 265-278 1990 New York Springer-Verlag 195 17 Kaartvedt, S. C. L. Van Dover L. S. Mullineaux P. H. Weibe S. M. Bollens Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 179–195 41 1994 194 17 Karl, S. A. Schutz, S. Desbruyeres, D. Lutz, R. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 193-202 5 03506 Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal 03509 Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics 1972- 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Calyptogena Magnifica Hydrothermal Vent Clam Gene Flow Population Genetics Genetic Polymorphism Larvae Dispersal Genetic Homogeneity Local Extinction Event New Colony Establishment Dna Protein Molecular Analysis 1996 We present molecular genetic data from 17 soluble proteins and five single-copy nuclear scn DNA loci for eastern Pacific populations of the hydrothermal-vent clam, Calyptogena magnifica Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae . The level of genetic polymorphism found within these clam populations was low relative to that found in most other hydrothermal vent species examined to date. In addition, the high degree of genetic homogeneity observed across populations separated by thousands of kilometers suggests that C. magnifica larvae can effectively disperse throughout the known range of this species. The spotty occurrence of C. magnifica populations across this range suggests that these clams may experience a high probability of local extinction events or have a low probability of establishing new colonies. Journal article; research article 401 17 Karson, J. A. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems - 7 2006 JUN 29 1525-2027 ISI:000238935800002 062HS Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:1 <Go to ISI>://000238935800002 English 433 17 Karson, J. A. Klein, E. M. Hurst, S. D. Lee, C. E. Rivizzigno, P. A. Curewitz, D. Morris, A. R. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst 2002 491 17 Kelly, N. E. Metaxas, A. Marine Biology Marine Biology 649-662 151 2 2007 196 17 Kennish, M. J. Lutz, R. A. Rev. Aquat. Sci. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 29–66 6 vesicomyidae, seafloor spreading centers, hydrothermal vents, mid ocean ridges, volcanic-hydrothermal tectonic processes 1992 Crustal and lithospheric formation in the ocean occurs along extensive systems of mid-ocean ridges and rifts termed seafloor spreading centers. Characterized by variable magmatic and thermal budgets, seafloor spreading centers may be grouped according to their spreading rate into slow (i to 5 cm/year), intermediate (5 to 9 cm/year), and fast (>9 cm/year) types. All new oceanic crust bears the imprint of a complex cycle of magmatic/volcanic, hydrothermal, and tectonic processes within the spreading center plate boundary zone, which varies significantly in space and time. While magmatic/voicanic processes are directly responsible for the emplacement and accretion of hot rock at divergent plate boundaries, tectonic processes transport the ocean crust away from the site of its genesis and, together with thermal contractive forces, produce an elaborate network of fractures and fissures that enable seawater to circulate through the crust, thereby cooling it. Convective hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges culminates in the release of heated fluids or hot springs on the seafloor through diffuse, white smoker, and black smoker vents. Hydrothermal convection not only plays an important role in heat transfer at oceanic ridge crests, but also in mass transfer, manifested in the metal-rich sulfide deposits concentrated in stockworks and mounds along upwelling zones, and on the oceanic cnist at and adjacent to discharge zones. In addition to cooling oceanic crust and generating potential ore deposits, hydrothermal vents support lush and exotic animal communities and appear to be a chief factor modulating global ocean chemistry. 197 17 Kennish, M. J. Lutz, R. A. Rev. Aquatic Sci. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 97–120 6 1993 202 17 Kennish, M. J. Lutz, R. A. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 293-299 154 4 deep-sea bivalves calcium carbonate shell dissolution rates death assemblages Hydrothermal-vent communities galapagos rift magnifica growth 1999 Analysis of shell fragments of two common deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalves, the vesicomyid clam Calyptogena magnifica and the mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus, deployed more than 100 m from any active hydrothermal vent location at 20 degrees 50'N, 109 degrees 06'W on the East Pacific Rise indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in- situ exposures of more than 8 years. Shell fragments embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on a buoyed and anchored polypropylene line, and deployed by DSV Alvin (depth = 2615 m) were continuously exposed to ambient seawater (similar to 2 degrees C) conditions immediately above the seafloor. The mean dissolution rate for the aragonitic shell of C. magnifica amounted to 27.7 mu m/yr. Dissolution rates varied significantly among different shell layers of the dam, with the middle fine to irregular complex crossed lamellar shell layer exhibiting the lowest fates (mean = 22.2 mu m/yr) and the irregular prismatic shell layer the highest rates (mean = 36.9 mu m/yr). In the mytilid B. thermophilus, the dissolution rate of the aragonitic shell layer averaged 41.6 mu m/yr, while that of the calcitic shell layer was immeasurable. The rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for a ridge-crest site remote from any active hydrothermal vent are much lower than those previously documented for active vent sites at 21 degrees N, the Guaymas Basin (Southern Trough), and Galapagos Rift (Rose Garden). Assuming a constant rate of dissolution, we estimate that empty adult shell valves of C. magnifica at the experimental site would dissolve completely in a period of similar to 300 years, which has important implications for determining the longevity of hydrothermal vent activity along the rise axis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. DEC PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCLIMATOL 199 17 Kennish, M. J. Lutz, R. A. Pooley, A. S. Ridge Events 6–9 8 2 1997 200 17 Kennish, M. J. Lutz, R. A. Tan, A. S. Veliger 195-200 41 Pelecypoda 07502 Ecology Environmental Biology--General Methods 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Vesicomya Spp. Calyptogena Magnifica Calyptogena Phaseoliformis Calyptogena Pacifica Shell Hydrothermal Vent Cold Seep Environment Scanning Electron Microscopy Morphology Microstructure Habitat Microscopy Method 1998 The shell structure of five vesicomyid clams i.e., Vesicomya species A, V. species B, V. species C, V. species D, and V. species E from deep-sea hydrothermal vent and cold sulfide/methane seep environments is characterized by scanning electron microscopy SEM . SEM examination of fractured and sectioned specimens reveals an array of shell microstructures in distinct arrangements. The shell of V. species A contains the most layers 7 and exhibits microstructure patterns markedly different than those of the other four vesicomyid species. The shell microstructure patterns of V. species B and V. species C, although similar, also show important differences. For example, fine spherulitic structure is exclusively found in V. species B, and "coarse" complex crossed lamellar structure only occurs in V. species C. Vesicomya species D and V. species E likewise exhibit similar shell microstructure patterns, although V. species D has an inner fine complex crossed lamellar layer not found in V. species E, and V. species E has an inner irregular complex crossed lamellar layer not present in V. species D. The shell microstructure patterns in the aforementioned species vary from those of previously described deep-sea vesicomyids i.e., Calyptogena magnifica Boss & Turner, 1980; C. phaseoliformis Metivier, Okutani & Ohta, 1986; and C. cf pacifica Dall, 1891 . Results of these investigations indicate that shell microstructure analysis may be of great value in taxonomic studies of the Vesicomyidae. Journal article; research article 198 17 Kennish, M. J. Tan, A. S. Lutz, R. A. Malacologia 363-373 37 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 11108 Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Microscopic and Ultramicroscopic Anatomy 63526 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mollusca 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca 64214 Invertebrate Body Regions and Structures--Hard Parts 1971- Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Calyptogena Magnifica Calyptogena Phaseoliformis Calyptogena Pacifica Scanning Electron Microscopy Ecology Prismatic Structure 1996 The shell structure of three deep-sea vesicomyid clams i.e., Calyptogena magnifica, Calyptogena phaseoliformis, and Calyptogena c.f. pacifica is characterized by scanning electron microscopy SEM . SEM examination of shell fracture sections of these vesicomyids reveals a variety of shell microstructures in distinct arrangements. The shell of Calyptogena magnifica consists of layers of planar spherulitic, fine complex crossed lamellar, cone complex crossed lamellar, and irregular simple prismatic structure, and that of Calyptogena phaseoliformis is comprised of layers of fine grained homogeneous, planar spherulitic, fine complex crossed lamellar, irregular spherulitic prismatic, and irregular simple prismatic structure. In Calyptogena c.f. pacifica, the shell contains layers of planar spherulitic, fine complex crossed lamellar, vertical non-denticular composite prismatic, and irregular simple prismatic structure. While cone complex crossed lamellar structure is only observed in Calyptogena magnifica, fine grained homogeneous and irregular spherulitic prismatic structures only occur in Calyptogena phaseoliformis. Vertical non-denticular composite prismatic structure is found exclusively in Calytogena c. f. pacifica. Journal article; research article 201 17 Kennish, Michael J. Tan, Antonieto S. Lutz, Richard A. Nautilus 84-89. 112 Pelecypoda 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 11102 Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy 11108 Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Microscopic and Ultramicroscopic Anatomy 64214 Invertebrate Body Regions and Structures--Hard Parts 1971- Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Cold Water Seep Environment Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents mytilids Pelecypoda Bathymodiolus-thermophilus [mussel] Pelecypoda Pelecypoda: Mollusca, Invertebrata, Animalia shell: microstructure methane sulfide 18496-25-8: sulfide 74-82-8: methane scanning electron microscopy: analytical method 1998 The shell microstructures of 6 mytilid species from deep-sea hydrothermal vent and cold-water sulfide/methane seep sites is characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Examination of fractured and sectioned specimens reveals similar shell microstructures in distinct arrangements. The shell microstructures of the mytilids investigated in this study consist of outer fibrous prismatic and inner nacreous structures, which underlie a periostracal layer. Simple prismatic structure, comprising the adductor and pallial myostraca, is also present. The shell microstructures of these species exhibit similar complexity as microstructures of the previously described vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus Kenk and Wilson, 1985. Journal article 570 17 Kent, G. A. Harding, A. J. Orcutt, J. A. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 13945-13970 98 B8 1993 569 17 Kent, G. M. Harding, A. J. Orcutt, J. A. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 13971-13995 98:B8 1993 548 17 Kent, G. M. Singh, S. C. Harding, A. J. Sinha, M. C. Orcutt, J. A. Barton, P. J. White, R. S. Bazin, S. Hobbs, R. W. Tong, C. H. Nature Nature 614-8 406 6796 2000 454 17 Key, K. Constable, S. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 2054 29 22 r2k-m 2002 321 17 Kim, S. Mullineaux, L. Helfrich, K. Journal of Geophysical Research J. Geophys. Res. Journal of Geophysical Research J. Geophys. Res. 12,655-12655 99 1994 203 17 Kim, S. L. Mullineaux, L. S. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 233 77 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 12100 Movement 1971- 25508 Developmental Biology-Embryology--Morphogenesis, General Animals Meeting Abstract Vent Plume Dispersal East Pacific Rise Larvae 1996 Conference literature 1996 Annual Combined Meeting of the Ecological Society of America on Ecologists/Biologists as Problem Solvers, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, August 10-14, 1996. 320 17 Kim, S. L. L. S. Mullineaux Deep-Sea Research Deep-Sea res. 423-440 45 1998 204 32 Kochevar, Randall E Biology 103 1992 Santa Barbara University of California Santa Barbara PhD 206 17 Kochevar, R. E. J. J. Childress Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 375–383 125 Riftia, mussels, vesicomyids, 1996 Carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. It is ubiquitous among organisms, and participates in numerous cellular processes. In several photoautotrophic marind organisms, CA facilitates uptake of inorganic carbon by cataIyzing the reversible dehydration of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide, which diffuses more rapidly across cell membranes. In algal/invertebrate symbioses, this mechanism is correlated with significantly elevated CA activity in tissues where zooxanthellae are housed. Here, we determine whether elevated CA activity is also characteristic of tissues involved in inorganic carbon uptake by chemosynthetic invertebrates. Measurements of CA activity in several chemosynthetic clam and vestimentiferan species indicate that CA facilitates inorganic carbon uptake, with high activities present in clam gill tissue, and vestimentiferan plume and trophosome tissues. However levels of CA activity among species varied widely, from very low in mytilids to extraordinarily high in some vesicomyids and vestimentiferans. High CA activity is generally correlated with other adaptations for control of int rnal chemical environments where symbionts are housed, such as the presence of serum-borne sulfide-binding moieties. These findings suggest that a CA-based mechanism ofcarbon uptake may be one of a suite of adaptations to provide symbionts with essential metabolites. 205 17 Kochevar, R. E. N. S. Govind J. J. Childress Mol. Mar. Biol. and Biotech. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 10–19 2 Riftia Pachyptila Geothermal Activity Evolution Carbon Uptake 1993 The giant hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones inhabits regions of geothermal activity associated with sea floor spreading centers. In lieu of external feeding apparatus, the tubeworms contain intracellular sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts that fix CO-2 from sea water. High activities of carbonic anhydrase CA were found in the respiratory organ the obturacular plume and in the trophosome, where the symbionts are housed. CA from plume tissue CAp had a molecular mass of 27 kd as determined by SDS-PAGE , and a Km of 13.9 mmol/L. Trophosome CA CAt was slightly larger, at 28 kd, and exhibited a Km of 7.2 mM. Both mammalian CA isozymes, although neither exhibited esterase activity associated with mammalian forms. Both proteins also cross-react with heterologous polyclonal antibodies raised against chicken CAII, suggesting that some portion of the enzyme is highly conserved across a wide phylogenetic range. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CA may facilitate the process of inorganic carbon uptake in this symbiosis. 412 17 Kormas, K. A. Tivey, M. K. Von Damm, K. Teske, A. Teske, A Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ Thessaly, Dept Anim Prod & Aquat Environm, Ionia 38334, Volos, Greece Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02540 USA Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, EOS, Durham, NH 03824 USA Environmental Microbiology Environmental Microbiology 909-920 8 5 r2k-bi/ch/h mid-atlantic ridge upper temperature limit sp-nov. black smoker gen. nov. epsilon-proteobacteria diversity microorganisms hydrogen chimneys 2006 MAY 1462-2912 ISI:000236456800013 A diffusely venting chimney spire from the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N) was analysed by petrographic thin sectioning and 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing in parallel, to correlate microbial community composition with mineralogy and inferred in situ conditions within the chimney mineral matrix. Both approaches indicated a zonation of the chimney spire into distinct microhabitats for different bacteria and archaea. The thermal gradient inferred from the mineral composition and porosity of the chimney was consistent with the distribution of bacterial and archaeal phylotypes in the chimney matrix. A novel phylogenetic lineage of euryarchaeota was found that co-occurred with clones related to cultured hyperthermophilic archaea. A few phylotypes related to mesophilic bacteria were found in the hot core of the chimney, indicating that seawater influx during retrieval and cooling of these highly porous structures can entrain microorganisms into chimney layers that are not their native habitat. 028AD Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:51 <Go to ISI>://000236456800013 English 584 17 Kurras, G. K. Fornari, D. J. Edwards, M. H. Perfit, M. R. Smith, M. C. Marine Geophysical Researches Marine Geophysical Researches 23-41 21 2000 353 17 Lallier, F.H. Camus, L. Chausson, F. Truchot, J.P. Cah Biol Mar Cahiers de Biologie Marine 313-316 39 3-4 HEMOCYANIN CRAB 1998 Station Biologique Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France Cahiers De Biologie Marine 0007-9723 Article Lallier FH, UPMC, Equipe Ecophysiol, Biol Stn, CNRS, INSU, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff, FRANCE 534 17 Langmuir, C. H. Bender, J. F. Batiza, R. Nature Nature 422-429 322 6078 1986 208 17 Laubier, L. Bull Soc Zool Fr Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 495-506 112 3-4 PARALVINELLA BATHYMODIOLUS POLYCHAETE WORM CHEMOLITHOTROPIC BACTERIA PRIMARY PRODUCER PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM ENDEMISM DEEP SEA SUBMERSIBLE GALAPAGOS RIDGE PACIFIC OCEAN| 1987 It is well established that insularity phenomena can occur in shallow water benthic marine communities from isolated oceanic islands up to several hundreds of meters. At greater depths, it has been generally agreed that bathymetry and topography and physico-chemical factors do not act as biogeographical barriers, with a few exceptions such as the Mediterranean seas isolated from the deep world ocean by shallow water sills. Nevertheless, the recent discovery of unusually rich animal communities strictly associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents found on the Galapagos ridge, the East Pacific Rise and the North East pacific ridges system, provides a fascinating example of insular communities. Isolating conditions, instead of physical criteria, are based upon a trophic energy link between chemolithotrophic bacteria acting as primary producers and hydrothermal fluid carrying sulfides. Moreover, the life span of a given vent (i.e. "hydrothermal island") is rather short (50 to 100 years). Active vents are scattered along ridge segments forming hydrothermal fields (i.e. "hydrothermal archipelago"). Our present knowledge acquired through a limited number of deep sea submersible dives is still in its infancy. However, several exmaples of distribution can be given for the vestimentiferan tube worms (9 species are described) and the alvinellid polychaets (6 species and two subspecies are described). Two examples of sibling species originating from a major geological change 28 MY ago are known in the genus Paralvinella. From a total of 58 species recently described, 33 belong to genera new to science and 15 to families or subfamilies new to science, which is an unusually high degree of endemism as far as deep-ocean benthic communities are concerned. Some data on the protein polymorphism of several populations of the giant mussel Bathymodiolus have been described within the Galapagos ridge "hydrothermal archipelago" and compared with populations from 13.degree. N on the East Pacific Rise. 209 5 Laubier, L. Denis, M. M. Oceanologie: Actualite Et Prospective (Oceanology: Current Situation And Future Prospects); International Symposium, Marseilles, France, October 61-100 0 REVIEW VESTIMENTIFERA BIVALVE ALVINELLID POLYCHAETE BRINE SEED HYDROCARBON SEEPAGE FOOD WEB| 1989 207 17 Laubier, L. Desbruyères, D. Chassard-Bouchaud, C. Mar. Biol. Lett. Marine Biology Letters 113–116 4 sulfide, alvinellid 1983 210 17 Laue, B. E. Nelson, D. C. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 397 93 Bacteria-General Unspecified 1992- Invertebrata-Unspecified 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Abstract Gene Cloning Gene Sequencing 1993 Conference literature 211 17 Laue, B. E. Nelson, D. C. J. Bacteriol. Journal of Bacteriology 3723–3729 176 1994 ATP sulfurylase is a key enzyme in the energy-generating sulfur oxidation pathways of many chemoautotrophic bacteria. The utilization of reduced sulfur compounds to fuel CO-2 fixation by the still-uncultured bacterial endosymbionts provides the basis of nutrition in invertebrates, such as the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila, found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The symbiont-containing trophosome tissue contains high levels of ATP sulfurylase activity, facilitating the recent purification of the enzyme. The gene encoding the ATP sulfurylase from the Riftia symbiont sopT has now been cloned and sequenced by using the partial amino acid sequence of the purified protein. Characterization of the sopT gene has unequivocally shown its bacterial origin. This is the first ATP sulfurylase gene to be cloned and sequenced from a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. The deduced amino acid sequence was compared to those of ATP sulfurylases reported from organisms which assimilate sulfate, resulting in the discovery that there is substantial homology with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MET3 gene product but none with the products of the cysDN genes from Escherichia coli nor with the nodP and nodQQ genes from Rhizobium meliloti. This and emerging evidence front other sources suggests that E. coli may be atypical, even among prokaryotic sulfate assimilators, in the enzyme it employs for adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate formation. The sopT gene probe also was shown to specifically identify chemoautotrophic bacteria which utilize ATP sulfurylase to oxidize sulfur compounds. 212 17 Laue, B. E. Nelson, D. C. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 180-188 6 Bacteria-General Unspecified 1992- Pogonophora 01500 Evolution 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 31000 Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria 31500 Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Tevnia Jerichonona Ridgeia Piscesae Juvenile Symbiont Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Hydrothermal Vent Community Sulfur Oxidation Symbiosis Atp Sulfurylase Rrna Ribosomal Rna Coevolution Marine Ecology Analytical Method East Pacific Rise Juan de Fuca Ridge Pacific Ocean 1997 A fine-scale phylogenetic comparison was made among the symbionts of different genera of hydrothermal vent tube worms. These included Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonona, which inhabit sites along the East Pacific Rise, and Ridgeia piscesae from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. An analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism RFLP was employed using three symbiont-specific gene probes: eubacterial 16S rRNA, RuBPC/O Form II, and ATP sulfurylase recently cloned from the Riftia symbiont . Results indicated that all of the symbionts from the three different hosts were conspecific and the Riftia and Tevnia symbionts were indistinguishable over an 1800-km range. Significantly, this indicates that the symbionts have not co-evolved with their respective hosts, which are known to belong to separate families. This study strongly supports the conclusion that the symbionts are acquired de novo by each generation of juvenile tube worms from a common source in the surrounding seawater. Journal article; research article 213 17 Laurent, M, D, S, C R Acad Sci Ser III Sci Vie Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 355-360 299 9 LEBBEUS-CARINATUS NEW-SPECIES BYTHOGRAEA-MICROPS NEW-SPECIES CYANAGRAEA-PRAEDATOR NEW-GENUS NEW-SPECIES| 1984 Five species of Decapoda were collected during the Biocyatherm Expedition in 1982. Diagnoses are given of 3 new forms, a hippolytid shrimp, Lebbeus carinatus sp. nov. and 2 bythograeids crabs, Bythograea microps sp. nov. and CYANAGRAEA praedator gen. et. sp. nov. Some brief comments on the distribution and ecology of the various Decapoda found in the environment of the hydrothermal sites are added. 494 17 Le Bris, N. Gaill, F. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 197-221 6 1 2007 220 17 Le Pennec, M. Oceanol. Acta, spec. no. Oceanologica Acta, special number 181–190 8 Bathymodiolus, mussels, filterfeeding 1988 219 17 Le Pennec, M Diouris, M. Herry, A. J. Shellfish Res. Journal of Shellfish Research 483–489 7 3 1988 Horst's 215 17 Le Pennec, M. A. Hily Oceanol. Acta 517–523 7 1984 217 17 Le Pennec, M. Hily, A. Lucas, A. C R Acad Sci Ser Iii Sci Vie Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie Iii Sciences de la Vie 725-730 299 18 SEX DIFFERENCE| 1984 Histological analysis carried out on a Mytilidae from an Eastern Pacific hydrothermal vent (12.degree.49'N, 103.degree.56'W) revealed some differences in the structure of the gonad with regard to other deep-sea bivalves or shore bivalves. In this species, the anatomy of the genital ducts are different in the male and the female. The heterogeneous construction of the spermatic ducts represents an original model because of the coexistence of 2 types of tissues, connected to make 1 duct. 221 17 Le Pennec, M. Martinez, J. C. Donval, A. Herry, A. Beninger, P. Can J Zool 2298-2302 70 12 1992 216 17 Le Pennec, M. D. Prieur C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 493–498 298 1984 218 5 Le Pennec, M. Prieur, D. Lucas, A. Gibbs, P. E. Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine Biology Symposium 159–166 mussel, Bathymodiolus, filter-feeding, nutrition 1985 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Several specimens of a mytilid were collected near hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise (12°59'N, 1O3°56'W; 2630 metres depth). These animals were found living in a rich trophic environment with high bacterial densities, and also high levels of toxic components, such as H 2 S and various metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb). This paper describes the feeding habits of the mytilid, using histology, SEM and TEM. Observations of the alimentary groove at the base of the gills, the stomach and hindgut contents reveal various ingested particles, identified as crystalline metallic particles (few m to several hundred µm), bacteria cells (rods, cocci and actinomycete-like), benthic foraminiferans and broken diatom frustules. Studies of the gill structure reveal the presence of numerous micro-organisms, the epithelium being covered with various bacteria, including filamentous forms and actinomycete-like cells, and inside the epithelium many clusters of Gram-negative procaryotic cells can be observed. The species seems to derive food from two principal sources: one is microphagic and the other could be related to bacterial symbiotic processes. Although a fraction of the food originated from the euphotic zone, the major part of the trophic resources consisted of bacteria. These bacteria were ingested in the digestive tract or involved in extra- and intra-cellular associations. Structural adaptations of the gills indicate the special involvement of bacteria in nutrition. 214 17 Lee, R. W. J. J. Childress Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Applied and Environmental Microbiology APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 1852–1858 60 6 1994 Symbioses between marine invertebrates and their chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts are now known to exist in a variety of habitats where reduced chemical species are present. The utilization of chemical energy and reliance on C-1 compounds by these symbioses are well documented. Much less is known about their metabolism of nitrogen. Earlier work has shown that the tissues of organisms in these associations are depleted of 15N compared with those of other marine organisms, indicating that local sources of nitrogen are assimilated and that novel mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism may be involved. Although these symbioses have access to rich sources of ammonium NH-4+ and NH-3 and/or nitrate, several investigators have proposed that N-2 fixation may account for some of these isotope values. Here we report that 15N ammonium and, to a lesser degree, 15N nitrate are assimilated into organic compounds by Solemya reidi, a gutless clam containing S-oxidizing bacteria, and seep mussel Ia, an undescribed mytilid containing methanotrophic bacteria. In contrast, Riftia pachyptila, the giant hydrothermal vent tube worm symbiotic with S-oxidizing bacteria, assimilated nitrate but not exogenous ammonium. The rates of assimilation of these sources are sufficient to at least partially support C-1 compound metabolism. N-2 assimilation was not exhibited by the symbionts tested. 572 17 Lee, S. M. Solomon, S. C. Tivey, M. A. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 22033-22050 101 B10 1996 413 17 Lein, A. Y. Peresypkin, V. I. Bogdanov, Y. A. Ivanov, M. V. Lein, AY Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Nakhimovskii Pr 36, Moscow 117997, Russia Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia Russian Acad Sci, Vinogradskii Inst Microbiol, Moscow 117312, Russia Doklady Earth Sciences Doklady Earth Sciences 1231-1234 405 8 2005 OCT-NOV 1028-334X ISI:000233957800024 993MI Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:10 <Go to ISI>://000233957800024 English 428 17 Longnecker, K. Reysenbach, A. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 287-293 35 3 2001 410 17 Lupton, J. E. Baker, E. T. Mottl, M. J. Sansone, F. J. Wheat, C. G. Resing, J. A. Massoth, G. J. Measures, C. I. Feely, R. A. Lupton, Je Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,Osu Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Newport,or 97365 Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,Seattle,Wa 98115 Univ Hawaii,Dept Oceanog,Honolulu,Hi 96822 Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 2913-2916 20 24 fuca ridge entrainment systems ratios juan 1993 DEC 23 0094-8276 ISI:A1993MQ17300033 We conducted a survey of water-column hydrothermal plumes along a 350-km long section of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) axis stretching from 8-degrees-45'N to 11-degrees-50'N, including the region at 9-degrees-45'-54'N where 1991 ALVIN dives found evidence for recent seafloor volcanic eruptions. Our survey included measurements of temperature anomaly, light attenuation (suspended particles), methane, hydrogen, iron, manganese, helium, and aluminum. We detected strong light attenuation plumes in two main regions: south of the Clipperton Transform Fault (CTF) from 9-degrees-27'N to 9-degrees-57'N and north of the CTF from 11-degrees-05'N to 11-degrees-35'N. However, the plumes at these two regions had very different physical and chemical characteristics. South of the CTF, where the ridge is thought to be magmatically robust, the plumes had very high ratios of He-3/heat, methane/Mn and S/Fe. Plumes north of the CTF had much lower ratios of He-3/heat, methane/Mn, and S/Fe. These striking differences in volatile/heat and volatile/metal ratios suggest that the plumes in the vicinity of 9-degrees-50'N were derived from a young, evolving hydrothermal system, while the activity at approximately 11-degrees-10'N is from an older, stable system. This survey demonstrated that water-column plume measurements can be used not only to accurately locate regions of hydrothermal activity, but also to determine the first-order chemical and physical characteristics of the hydrothermal fluids exiting from the seafloor. Mq173 Times Cited:22 Cited References Count:26 <Go to ISI>://A1993MQ17300033 English 498 17 Luther, G. W. Glazer, B. T. Hohmann, L. Popp, J. I. Taillefert, M. Rozan, T. F. Brendel, P. J. Theberge, S. M. Nuzzio, D. B. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Journal of Environmental Monitoring 61-66 3 1 2001 Feb 1464-0325 ISI:000167055700014 <Go to ISI>://000167055700014 499 17 Luther, G. W. Rickard, D. T. Journal of Nanoparticle Research Journal of Nanoparticle Research 389-407 7 4-5 r2k-bi/ch 2005 Oct 1388-0764 ISI:000231602300005 <Go to ISI>://000231602300005 500 17 Luther, G. W. Rozan, T. F. Taillefert, M. Nuzzio, D. B. Di Meo, C. Shank, T. M. Lutz, R. A. Cary, S. C. Nature Nature 813-816 410 6830 2001 Apr 0028-0836 ISI:000168021900054 <Go to ISI>://000168021900054 224 17 Lutz, R. A. Bouchet, P. Jablonski, D. Turner, R. D. Waren, A. Am. Malacol. Bull. American Malacological Bulletin 49-54 4 1 30 SPP. GASTROPOD BIVALVE DISPERSAL LIFE HISTORY STRATEGY SHELL MORPHOLOGY| 1986 464 17 Richard A. Lutz Allen G. Collins Eric R. Annis Andrew J. Reed Kyle F. Bennett Kenneth M. Halanych Robert C. Vrijenhoek Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 409-413 47 r2k-ba 2006 225 17 Lutz, R. A. Fritz, L. W. Cerrato, R. M. Deep-sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1793–1810 35 1988 223 17 Lutz, R. A. Fritz, L. W. Rhoads, D. C. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bull. 199–210 6 1985 322 17 Lutz, R. A. R. M. Haymon National Geographic Magazine 115-125 186 1994 222 17 Lutz, R. A. Jablonski, D. Turner, R. D. Science Science Science Science 1451-1454 226 4681 NONPLANKTOTROPHY REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY| 1984 Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities exhibit an array of reproductive strategies. Although a few vent species undergo planktotrophic, high-dispersal modes of development, most exhibit relatively low dispersal, but probably free-swimming nonplanktotrophic development. This predominance of nonplanktotrophy may be largely a reflection of phylogenetic constraints on the vent colonizing taxa; intervent dispersal among these forms may be facilitated by reduced developmental rates in the cold abyssal waters away from the vents. It is proposed that for those vent species with nonplanktotrophic development, larval dispersal is a stepwise process with oceanic ridge axes serving as discrete dispersal corridors. 226 17 Lutz, R. A. Kennish, M. J. Rev Geophys 211-242 31 3 1993 228 17 Lutz, R. A. Kennish, M. J. Pooley, A. S. Fritz, L. W. Journal of Marine Research 969-982 52 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10069 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Minerals 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 52805 Soil Science--Physics and Chemistry 1970- 64214 Invertebrate Body Regions and Structures--Hard Parts 1971- Microorganisms Bacteria Eubacteria Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Calyptogena Magnifica Calyptogena Sp. Corbicula Fluminea Crassostrea Virginica Mytilus Edulis Bacterial Mat Bivalve Shell Sediment-Water Interface Calcite Aragonite Mexico 1994 Analysis of bivalve shell fragments that were embedded in epoxy blocks, mounted on titanium stakes, and deployed by DSRV Alvin at 5 sites in the Southern Trough of the Guaymas Basin 27 degree 00'N, 111 degree 24.55'W; depth 2012m indicates significant variation of calcium carbonate dissolution in in situ exposures of more than 900 days. Arrays of shell fragments of six bivalve species i.e., Bathymodiolus thermophilus, Calyptogena magnifica, Calyptogena sp., Corbicula fluminea, Crassostrea virginica and Mytilus edulis were positioned -17 cm, -7 cm and -2.5 cm below the sediment-water interface and 2.5 cm, 7 cm and 17 cm above the sediment-water interface in hydrothermal vent fields of the basin. Maximum dissolution rates for both calcite mean 86 mu-m/yr and aragonite mean sampled in the sediment column depth 17 cm . Minimum dissolution rates of calcite and aragonite were found 7 cm mean 26 mu-m/yr and 2.5 cm mean 96 mu-m/yr above the sediment-water interface, respectively. Intermediate rates of dissolution were recorded 17 cm above the sediment-water interface mean 40 mu-m/yr for calcite and 126 mu-m/yr for aragonite . Mean rates of aragonite dissolution ranged from 59 mu-m/yr site 5; clam area to 227 mu-m/yr site 3; clam area , and those of calcite dissolution ranged from 13 mu-m/yr site 3; clam area to 94 mu-m/yr site 4; bacterial mat area . Dissolution rates were consistently highest in the bacterial mat area site 4; mean 94 mu-m/yr for calcite and 223 mu-m/yr for aragonite . Rates of calcium carbonate dissolution reported here for hydrothermal vent fields of the Guaymas Basin compare favorably with those of Rose Garden Galapagos Rift and 21N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites. These results have important implications for assessing biological rate processes in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. Journal article; research article 227 17 Lutz, R. A. Shank, T. M. Fornari, D. J. Haymon, R. M. Lilley, M. D. Von Damm, K. L. Desbruyeres, D. Nature Nature Nature Nature 663–664 371 Riftia, tubeworms 1994 388 17 Macdonald, K. Sempere, J. C. Fox, P. J. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 6049-6069 89 B7 1984 573 17 Macdonald, K. C. Fox, P. J. Alexander, R. T. Pockalny, R. Gente, P. Nature Nature 125-129 380 6570 1996 580 17 Macdonald, K. C. Fox, P. J. Miller, S. Carbotte, S. Edwards, M. H. Eisen, M. Fornari, D. J. Perram, L. Pockalny, R. Scheirer, D. Marine Geophysical Researches Marine Geophysical Researches 299-344 14 4 1992 574 17 Madsen, J. A. Detrick, R. S. Mutter, J. C. Buhl, P. Orcutt, J. A. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 4967-4987 95 B4 1990 370 17 Marsh, AG Mullineaux, LS Young, CM Manahan, DT Nature Nature 77-80 411 6833 2001 3 May 2001 229 17 Martin, J. W. France, S. C. Van Dover, C. L. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1724-1732 71 00504 General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology 10614 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable 1971- 11102 Anatomy and Histology, General and Comparative--Gross Anatomy 64054 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Arthropoda-Crustacea Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Crustaceans Research Article Halice Hesmonectes New Species Description Taxonomy Zoogeography 1993 A new species of the pardaliscid amphipod genus Halice, H. hesmonectes, is described from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The species occurs in large monospecific swarms in the immediate vicinity of low temperature vent openings. Halice hesmonectes differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characters: extremely long pereopods 5-7 exceeding length of pereon, and nearly twice the length of pereopods 1-4 ; minute dactylus on pereopods 3 and 4, unique, constricted at midlength; pleopods well developed, as long or longer than pereopods 1-4; telson cleft along approximately two-thirds its length and terminating in an acute tip on each lobe; short article 3 about 1/3 length of article 2 on mandibular palp; and accessory flagellum of first antenna with only two articles, the distal one being approximately 1/6 the length of the proximal. In addition, the body and virtually all appendages are covered by minute cuticular scales, probably present also on other pardaliscids visible only via SEM and known from other peracarids. Problematic taxonomy within the family Pardaliscidae is discussed. Journal article; research article 230 17 Martineu, P. Juniper, S. K. Fisher, C. R. Massoth, G. J. Physiol. Zool. Physiological Zoology 578-588 70 5 Annelids Research Article Paralvinella Palmiformis Alvinella Pompejana Alvinella Caudata Riftia Pachyptila Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystem Body Fluids Sulfide High-Molecular-weight Hemoglobin Vascular Blood Sulfide-Binding Activity Coelomic Fluid Biochemistry and Biophysics Blood and Lymphatics 1997 Dissolved H-2S is a major environmental factor in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. In a study of adaptations to sulfide by alvinellid polychaetes, the sulfide-binding capacity of body fluids was examined in Paralvinella palmiformis from northeast Pacific ridges and Alvinella species from the East Pacific Rise. Sulfide concentrations in vascular blood and coelomic fluid of freshly collected animals were notably variable. Separation of P. palmiformis body-fluid components revealed that most sulfide ca. 77% was accumulated in the dissolved fraction. In P. palmiformis, both vascular blood and coelomic fluid could reversibly bind sulfide in vitro with a low affinity, saturating only at high dialysate concentrations ca. 2 mmol L-1 . No sulfide-binding activity was observed in the vascular blood from Alvinella species. A dissolved protein component of greater than 90 kDa appears to be involved in sulfide binding in Paralvinella, probably a vascular extracellular high-molecular-weight hemoglobin. Some sulfide may also adsorb onto a 15.38-kDa intracellular hemoglobin present in the coelomic erythrocyte fraction. In the absence of epibiotic bacteria, Paralvinella body fluids may function as a sulfide buffer to protect tissues from deleterious effects of sulfide exposure. V70 n5 Martineu, P 526 17 Matabos, M. Thiébaut, E. Le Guen, D. Sadosky, F. Jollivet, D. Bonhomme, F. Marine Biology Marine Biology 545-563 153 4 2008 387 17 Michard, A. Albarède, F. Michard, G. Minster, J. F. Charlou, J. L. Nature Nature 795-797 303 1983 376 17 Micheli, F. Peterson, C.H. Mullineaux, L.S. Fisher, C. R. Mills, S.W. Sancho, G. Johnson, G.A. Lenihan, H.S. Ecological Monographs in press 2002 231 17 Mickel, T.J. J.J. Childress Biol. Bull. 70–82 162 1982 232 17 Mickel, T.J. J.J. Childress Physiol. Zool. 199–207 55 1982 510 17 Mills, S. W. Mullineaux, L. S. Tyler, P. A. The Biological Bulletin The Biological Bulletin 185 212 3 2007 324 17 Minic, Z. Pastra-Landis, S. Gaill, F. Hervé, G. Journal of Biological Chemistry J. Biol. Chem. 101074-101O83 313 2001 323 17 Minic, Z. Simon, V. Penverne, B. Gaill, F. Hervé, G. Journal of Biological Chemistry J. Biol. Chem. 23777-23784 276 26 2001 529 17 Moller, P. R. Jones, W. J. The Biological Bulletin The Biological Bulletin 55 212 1 2007 407 17 Mottl, M. J. Sansone, F. J. Wheat, C. G. Resing, J. A. Baker, E. T. Lupton, J. E. Mottl, Mj Univ Hawaii,Dept Oceanog,Honolulu,Hi 96822 Univ Hawaii,Dept Geol & Geophys,Honolulu,Hi 96822 Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,Seattle,Wa 98115 Oregon State Univ,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Noaa,Pacific Marine Environm Lab,Newport,or 97365 Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 4147-4165 59 20 mid-atlantic ridge de-fuca-ridge overlapping spreading centers okinawa trough vent field loihi-seamount axial volcano water column basin 26-degrees-n 1995 OCT 0016-7037 ISI:A1995TC22800003 In November, 1991, we surveyed the water column for hydrothermal plumes along 350 km of the East Pacific Rise axis from 8 degrees 40' to 11 degrees 50'N, using a combination of physical and chemical measurements. Our survey included the two major ridge segments north and south of the Clipperton Transform Fault at about 10 degrees 10'N, both limbs of the overlapping spreading centers (OSC's) at 9 degrees 03'N and 11 degrees 45'N, and a 30-bm section of the next ridge segment to the south. We found vigorous plumes along most of this ridge axis, in keeping with its magmatically robust cross-section, axial summit caldera, and shallow, magma-related seismic reflector. These plumes were detectable by both physical (temperature and Light attenuation) and chemical (dissolved Mn and CH4) measurements, although the chemical measurements were more sensitive. The least active sections were the southern third of the northern segment from 10 degrees 20 to 52'N and the OSCs, especially the OSC at 11 degrees 45'N. Plumes there had weak Mn and CH4 signals and were barely detectable by physical methods. These axial sections were the only ones surveyed that lie deeper than 2600 m and appear to be magma starved. The most active sections on the northern segment gave stronger signals for Mn and temperature than for CH4 and light attenuation, whereas the opposite was true on the southern segment, which was the site of a volcanic eruption at 9 degrees 45-52'N only seven months prior to our cruise. On the northern segment the four physical and chemical plume tracers correlated positively and linearly with one another, suggesting that the segment was fed by relatively uniform end-member fluids with a mean CH4/Mn molar ratio of 0.075. The southernmost section surveyed, from 8 degrees 42' to 9 degrees 08'N, closely resembled the northern segment. The rest of the southern segment fell into three sections with different CH4/Mn ratios: 9 degrees 39 to 53'N with CH4/Mn as high as 10, 9 degrees 08 to 39'N with CH4/Mn of 0.51, and 9 degrees 53' to 10 degrees 07'N with CH4/Mn of 0.85. The section with the highest CH4/Mn was the site of the volcanic eruption, which produced high-temperature, low-salinity, gas-rich vent fluids carrying abundant bacterial particles. The high CH4 concentrations are clearly associated with the volcanic eruption, but the origin of the CH4 is unclear. Tc228 Times Cited:29 Cited References Count:61 <Go to ISI>://A1995TC22800003 English 326 17 Mullineaux, L. Manahan, D. Oceanus 6-9 41 1998 479 17 Mullineaux, L. S. Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-sea Benthos, eds CM Young and KJ Eckelbarger. Columbia University Press Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-sea Benthos, eds CM Young and KJ Eckelbarger. Columbia University Press 201-222 1994 236 17 Mullineaux, L. S. Fisher, C. R. Peterson, C. H. Schaeffer, S. Oecologica Oecologica 275–284 123 2 2000 328 5 Mullineaux, L.S. France, S.C. Humphris, S.E. Zierenberg, R.A. Mullineaux, L.S. Thomson, R.E. Seafloor hydrothermal systems: physical, chemical, biological, and geochemical interactions Geophysical Monograph Series 408-424 91 1995 325 17 Mullineaux, L.S Juniper, S. K. Desbruyères, D. Cannat, M. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 533-538 79 44 1998 233 17 Mullineaux, L. S. Kim, S. L. Pooley, A. Lutz, R. A. Mar. Bio. Marine Biology Marine Biology 551–560 124 1996 Dispersal is essential in order that endemic species living in ephemeral, patchy vent environments may persist over evolutionary time. Quantitative field studies of larval dispersal, however, require species level identification of the larval forms because each individual must be distinguished from related vent species, and from non-vent species living in the surrounding deep-sea environment. Methods for culturing these larvae to an identifiable stage have not yet been developed. To solve the larval identification problem for the archaeogastropod mollusk (a prominent component of vent communities), we used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to image shells of larvae collected in the water column near vents along the East Pacific Rise (9°40 ¢ to 9°50 ¢ N; 104°W). Larval shell size, shape and ornamentation were compared to protoconchs retained in juvenile or adult shells of identified species, and used to assign five larval groups unequivocally to species (Cyathermia naticoides Warén and Bouchet, 1989); Neomphalus fretterae McLean, 1981; Clypeosectus delectus McLean,1989; Rynchopelta concentrica McLean, 1989; and Lirapex granularis Warén and Bouchet, 1989) and seven groups tentatively to species or genus [Lepetodrilus spp. (three groups); Gorgoleptis sp.; Peltospira ?operculat McLean, 1989; and ?Melanodrymia sp. (two groups)]. 234 17 Mullineaux, L. S. S. W. Mills E. Goldman Deep-Sea Res. II Deep-Sea Research 441–464 45 1998 378 17 Nelson, D. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 481 72 1991 239 17 Nelson, D. C. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 373-378 39 3-4 Sp-nov represents profundus sp-nov abyssi sp-nov gen-nov bacterial endosymbionts thermophilic eubacteria vertical transmission thermosipho-africanus oxidizing bacteria galapagos rift 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 238 5 Nelson, D. C. Fisher, C. R. Karl, D. M. The Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents 125–167 1995 CRC Press 237 17 Nelson, D. C. Hagen, K. D. Edwards, D. B. Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 487-495 121 3 1995 Certain hydrothermal vent invertebrates, e.g. Riftia pachyptila and Calyptogena magnifica, are clearly established as harboring dense populations of chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria in specialized tissues. By contrast, the physiological characteristics of the abundant intracellular gill symbiont of the vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus have been questioned. The low activities of enzymes diagnostic for CO-2 fixation Calvin cycle and for sulfur-driven energy generation, as measured by other investigators, have been attributed to bacterial contamination of the gill surface. Based on research at the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vents in 1988 and subsequent laboratory experiments, the current study confirms that the B. thermophilus symbiont is a psychrophile for which thiosulfate and sulfide stimulate CO-2 fixation. It strongly indicates that the symbiont is a chemoautotroph by establishing the following: 1 Sulfide and thiosulfate can stimulate CO-2 fixation by partially purified symbionts by up to 43-fold and 120-fold, respectively; 2 the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity of the symbiont is sufficient to account for its sulfide- or thiosulfate-stimulated CO-2 incorporation; 3 the symbiont's molar growth yield on thiosulfate, as judged by CO-2 incorporation, is indistinguishable from that of free-living chemoautotrophs. Due to the high protein-degrading activity of B. thermophilus gill lysate, it is also suggested that host lysis of symbionts plays a more important role in the nutrition of the vent mussel than in R. pachyptila or C. magnifica, for which no comparable protein-degrading activity was found. 420 17 Nercessian, O. Reysenbach, A. L. Prieur, D. Jeanthon, C. Environ Microbiol 492–502 5 6 2003 575 17 Niu, Y. Batiza, R. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 471-483 148 3-4 1997 516 17 Nussbaumer, A. D. Fisher, C. R. Bright, M. Nature Nature 345-348 441 7091 2006 240 17 Page, H. M. Fiala–Médioni, A. C. R. Fisher J. J. Childress Deep-Sea Res. Deep-Sea Research 1455–1461 38 12 1991 242 17 Peek, A. S. Feldman, R. A. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 9962-9966 95 17 Vent tube worm riftia-pachyptila jones hydrothermal vent endosymbiotic bacteria phylogenetic trees calyptogena- magnifica maximum-likelihood spreading centers sequence- analysis insect hosts 1998 Vesicomyid clams depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutriment. Endosymbionts that are transmitted cytoplasmically through eggs, such as these, should exhibit a phylogenetic pattern that closely parallels the phylogeny of host mitochondrial genes. Such parallel patterns are rarely observed, however, because they are obscured easily by small amounts of horizontal symbiont transmission or occasional host switching. The present symbiont genealogy, based on bacterial small subunit (16S) rDNA sequences, was closely congruent with the host genealogy, based on clam mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and large subunit (16S) rDNA sequences. This phylogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis of cospeciation and a long term association between the participants in this symbiosis. AUG 18 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 241 17 Peek, A. S. Gustafson, R. G. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Marine Biology Berlin 151-161 130 01500 Evolution 10010 Biochemistry--Comparative Biochemistry, General 10062 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Nucleic Acids Purines and Pyrimidines 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 10802 Enzymes--General and Comparative Studies Coenzymes 63526 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Mollusca 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca 64723 Geological Periods--Cenozoic, General 1972- Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Calyptogena Magnifica Calyptogena Ponderosa Ectenagena Extenta Calyptogena Phaseoliformis Vesicomya Cordata Calyptogena Sp. Calyptogena Kaikoi Calyptogena Nautilei Calyptogena Solidissima Calyptogena Soyoae Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I Cenozoic Evolution Hydrothermal Vent Cold-Water Seep Phylogeny Dna 1997 Phylogenetic relationships among vesicomyid clams Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae and their placement within the order Heterodonta were examined using mitochondrial encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit I COI DNA sequences. The presently analyzed vesicomyids represent a recent monophyletic radiation that probably occurred within the Cenozoic. Nucleotide phylogenetic analyses resolved discrete clades that were consistent with currently recognized species: Calyptogena magnifica, C. ponderosa, Ectenagena extenta, C. phaseoliformis, Vesicomya cordata, Calyptogena n. sp. Gulf of Mexico , C. kaikoi, C. nautilei, C. solidissima and C. soyoae Type-A . However, specimens variously identified as: V. gigas, C. kilmeri, C. pacifica, and V. lepta comprised two "species complexes", each composed of multiple evolutionary lineages. Most taxa are limited to hydrothermal-vent or cold-seep habitats, but the "vent" versus "seep" clams do not constitute separate monophyletic groups. Current applications of the generic names Calyptogena, Ectenagena, and Vesicomya are not consistent with phylogenetic inferences. Journal article; research article 465 17 Michael R. Perfit Johnson R. Cann Daniel J. Fornari Jennifer Engels Deborah K. Smith W. Ian Ridley Margo H. Edwards Nature Nature 62-65 426 2003 576 17 Perfit, M. R. Fornari, D. J. Ridley, W. I. Kirk, P. D. Casey, J. Kastens, K. A. Reynolds, J. R. Edwards, M. Desonie, D. Shuster, R. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 91-108 141 1-4 1996 563 17 Perfit, M. R. Fornari, D. J. Smith, M. C. Bender, J. F. Langmuir, C. H. Haymon, R. M. Geology Geology 375-379 22 4 1994 506 17 Perk, N. W. Coogan, L. A. Karson, J. A. Klein, E. M. Hanna, H. D. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2007 354 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 392-399 96 3 1983 355 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 226-239 97 1 1984 hf 356 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 849-863 97 4 1984 357 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 150-157 98 1 1985 358 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 447-469 98 2 1985 359 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 740-757 98 3 1985 360 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 192-208 101 1 1988 361 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 154-168 102 1 1989 362 17 Pettibone, M. H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 305-310 102 2 1989 363 17 Pettibone, M.H. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 825-838 103 4 Polynoidae 1990 364 17 Pettibone, M.H. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 609-614 107 4 1994 Genuine article : PZ526 - Langue : English - Type : Article 577 17 Pockalny, R. A. Fox, P. J. Fornari, D. J. Macdonald, K. C. Perfit, M. R. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 3167-3182 102 B2 1997 379 5 Poulicek, M. Gaill, F. Goffinet, G. Stenkiewicz, B.A. von Bergen, P. American Society of Chemistry symposium series 163-210 707, The Bio and Geosphere 1999 243 17 Powell, M. A. G. N. Somero Science Science 297–299 219 1983 244 17 Powell, M. A. G. N. Somero Biol. Bull. Biological Bulletin 274–290 171 1986 533 17 Pradillon, F. Schmidt, A. Peplies, J. Dubilier, N. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 103-116 333 2007 329 17 Pradillon, F. Shillito, B. Young, C.M. Gaill, F. Nature Nature 698-699 413 2001 245 17 Pranal, V. Fiala-Médioni, A. Colomines, J. C. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 155–166 119 Nitrogen, amino acids, N, microhabitat, Animo acids and related compounds, Symbiotic mussels, Sulphur-oxidizing bacteria, Hydrothermal vent, Physiological index 1995 ABSTRACT: Two species of deep-sea mussels belonging to the genus Bathymodiolus were collected from 5 vent fields distributed over 2 basins of a hydrothermal system in the South Pacific. Free and bound primary amino compounds were analysed in gills and mantles using OPA-HPLC. The method allowed the detection of 32 amino acids and related compounds (AARCs). An undetermined free chemical was found at high levels (up to 30% of the total free AARCS) in vent mussel tissues. This amino compound is presumed to be an end-product from specific metabolism occurhng in vent mussels. Except for this unknown compound, comparison of the biochemical composition between vent and littoral mussels revealed that the general nitrogenous requirement as well as the endogenous metabolic pathways of the main amino acids seem to be similar for the 2 mussel types. Ultrastructural observations indicated thdt these deep mussels harbour bacteria in their gills. Indices of high metabolic rates found in these organs appear to be related to the presence of endobacterial. It seems that symbionts could provide a preponderant fraction of essential amino acids to their host. In particular, free thiotauTine displayed high concentrations (up to 13 %. of the total free AARCS). This sulphur-containing compound could be involved in a specific metabolism related to toxic forms of sulphur. Variations of the AARC composition betiveen the 2 vent mussel species do not appear to be species related but appear to be due to environmental constraints. As shown by stress indices, deterioration of the physiological condition in these mussels is directly linked to the quantity and/or the quality of the hydrothermal vent emissions. 61 17 Pruski, A. Fiala-Medioni, A. Colomines, J. C. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 791-796 320 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 64026 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Mollusca Animals Invertebrates Mollusks Research Article Calyptogena Phaseoliformis Riftia Pachyptila Bathymodiolus Thermophilus Bathymodiolus Puteoserpentis Mytilid Bivalves Symbiont Deep Benthic Communities Sulfur-Amino Acids Taurine Hypotaurine Thiotaurine Biochemistry and Biophysics Brine Pool Site Western Pacific Pacific Ocean East Pacific Ridge East Pacific Mid Atlantic Ridge Atlantic Ocean Gulf of Mexico North West Atlantic 1997 Three sulphur-amino acids, taurine, hypotaurine and thiotaurine, are shown to exist in deep-sea symbiotic mussels. Their relative and absolute importance differs in the three species of mussels studied and seems to be related to the metabolism of the symbionts. Thiotaurine only occurs in high concentration in thiotrophic species, whereas hypotaurine and taurine are found in all the species studied. Differences in sulphur-amino acid composition may also depend on the physiological condition of the organism or on environmental features. These compounds were previously found in Riftia pachyptila, Calyptogena phaseoliformis and in two hydrothermal vent mussels from the western Pacific. Given their abundance, they may play an essential role in these symbioses. Journal article; research article 246 17 Raguenes, G. Meunier, J. R. Antoine, E. Godfroy, A. Caprais, J. C. Lesongeur, F. Guezennec, J. Barbier, G. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 395-402 318 Extremely Thermophilic Sulfur-Metabolizers 1992- Thermococcaceae 1992- Thermoproteales 1992- 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 23010 Temperature: Its Measurement, Effects and Regulation-- Thermoadaptation 30000 Bacteriology, General and Systematic 10618 External Effects--Temperature as a Primary Variable-Hot 1971- Microorganisms Bacteria Archaeobacteria Research Article Thermococcus Pyrococcus Staphylothermus Taxonomy 1995 During the MVT90 US oceanographic cruise, various samples pieces of hydrothermal chimneys, Pompei worms tubes were collected from deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East Pacific Rise. They led to the isolation of 125 thermophilic, heterotrophic, sulfur-reducing and anaerobic strains. The results indicated an acidophilic behaviour of the most thermophilic strains 97 degree C . Taxonomic study of the 38 most thermophilic isolates revealed 2 sub-groups depending on isolation temperatures and G + C% contents of genomes. DNA/DNA hybridization data with previously described Archaea of the genera Thermococcus, Pyrococcus and Staphylothermus showed an important biodiversity. Journal article; research article 398 17 Ramondenc, P. Leonid, N. G. A. Von Damm, K. L. Lowell, R. P. Ramondenc, P Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA Univ New Hampshire, EOS, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 487-497 245 3-4 r2k-h heat output seafloor hydrothermal systems east pacific rise diffuse flow focused flow high-temperature vents de-fuca-ridge mid-atlantic ridge vent field cleft segment midocean ridges cracking event guaymas basin axial volcano time-series hot springs 2006 MAY 30 0012-821X ISI:000238672500001 Despite the importance of the heat output of seafloor hydrothermal systems for the Earth's energy budget, hydrothermal heat output measurements have been very limited. In this paper, we report the first measurements of hydrothermal heat output at the RIDGE 2000 Integrated Study Site on the East Pacific Rise. We focused our work on the Bio 9 complex, situated at 9 degrees 50'N, where there has been an extensive measurement and sampling program since 1991. This site is located along the eruptive fissure of the 1991/1992 event and the site of the 1995 earthquake swarm. We made direct measurements of advective heat output at several individual vents and at one site of diffuse flow (Tica). Although these data do not describe the complete heat flux picture at this vent field, the data yield a total hydrothermal heat output of similar to 325 +/- 160 MW with similar to 42 +/- 21 MW coming from high-temperature vents along this 2 km segment of ridge. This result assumes a diffuse flux similar to that measured at Tica occurs at each high-temperature vent site. Our initial measurements thus suggest that the heat output of the low-temperature diffuse venting is approximately 10 times that of the high-temperature vents, but may also be one or two orders of magnitude greater. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 058NU Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:52 <Go to ISI>://000238672500001 English 504 17 E. Rannou M. Caroff C. Cordier Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 4738-4796 70 2006 249 17 Ravaux, J. Chamoy, L. Shillito, B. Marine Biology (Berlin) 505-512 136 3 Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora) Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Invertebrates Animals Integumentary System (Chemical Coordination and Homeostasis) exoskeleton: integumentary system, maturation tube-wall: maturation chitin protein: synthesis 1398-61-4: chitin 2000 To investigate tube-wall maturation in Riftia pachyptila, tube-secretion experiments were performed on live individuals in pressurized aquaria during "HOT 96" cruise (East Pacific Rise, February and March 1996). Two major biochemical components of the tube, i.e. chitin and proteins, were measured during the process of tube maturation. Mean chitin and protein contents were two-fold lower in fresh (i.e. newly secreted) tube-walls than in mature tube-walls. Chitin content is related to age, i.e. to the time elapsed since the fresh tube material was extruded, and can thus provide a marker for determining tube maturation status. In contrast, variations in protein content suggest a difference in the nature of the secretion products in the upper and basal regions of the exoskeleton. The tube-secretion experiments analyzed the protein profiles of both fresh-tube material and actively secreting tissues. A protein triplet with an apparent molecular weight of approximates28 kdaltons proved useful as a marker for tracing exoskeleton protein synthesis and secretion pathways. Biosis Journal Article April English 248 17 Ravaux, Juliette Gay, Lucien Voss-Foucart, Marie-Francoise Gaill, Francoise Cahiers de Biologie Marine 99-107. 39 Pogonophora 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora 25502 Developmental Biology-Embryology--General and Descriptive Animals Invertebrates Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Habitat Riftia-pachyptila [giant tubeworm] Pogonophora Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia tube: growth chitin magnesium ion polyoxin D trypsin 1398-61-4: chitin 22976-86-9: polyoxin d 9002-07-7: trypsin 22537-22-0: magnesium ion 1998 Enzymatic activities involved in chitin metabolism were studied in the giant tubeworm Riftia pachyptila in order to understand the tube growth process. Experiments performed on repressurized worms provided tissues, from the vestimentum and trunk, that were in a secretion state. Analysis of the composition of the tube newly secreted during these experiments showed a chitin content of about 12% and a protein content of about 22%, approximately twofold less than in mature tubes. Chitin synthase assays demonstrated the presence of an enzymatic activity functioning with UDP-GlcNAc as a substrate. This activity was sensitive to polyoxin D, insensitive to proteolysis by trypsin and stimulated by GlcNAc. Notable results are the lack of a Mg2+ requirement and stimulation by chitobiose and chitotriose. The activity, in our experimental conditions, was shown to be identical in tissues from repressurized animals and from non repressurized animals rapidly dissected after collection. A chitinolytic activity was demonstrated in the opisthosome and in the plume. These results support the model of tube growth at both ends. Journal article 330 17 Ravaux, J. Hassanin, A. Deutsch, J. Markmann-Mulisch, U. Gaill, F. Gene 141-149 263 1-2 2001 247 17 Ravaux, J. Shillito, B. Gaill, F. Gay, L. Voss-Foucart, M. F. Childress, J. J. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 325-326 39 3-4 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 446 17 Ravizza, G. Blusztajn, J. Von Damm, K. L. Bray, A. M. Bach, W. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 729-739 65 5 r2k-h/ch 2001 424 17 Reynolds, J. R. Langmuir, C. H. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst 1 6 2000 380 17 Reysenbach, A.-L. Banta, A.B. Boone, D.R. Cary, S.C. Luther, G.W. Nature Nature 835 404 6780 2000 20 Apr 2000 501 17 Reysenbach, A. L. Banta, A. B. Boone, D. R. Cary, S. C. Luther, G. W. Nature Nature 835-835 404 6780 2000 Apr 0028-0836 ISI:000086625000033 <Go to ISI>://000086625000033 502 17 Rickard, D. Luther, G. W. Chemical Reviews Chemical Reviews 514-562 107 2 r2k ch 2007 Feb 0009-2665 ISI:000244206600010 <Go to ISI>://000244206600010 251 17 Roux, M. Rio, M. Fatton, E. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 401–410 6 1985 250 17 Roux, M. Rio, M. Fatton, E. Marien, G. Pachiaudi, C. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. II) 495–500 297 1983 252 17 Roux, M. Rio, M Schein, E. Lutz, R Fritz,L Ragone, L C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris (sér. III) 121 – 127 308 1989 331 17 Saito, Y. Okano, T. Gaill, F. Chanzy, H. Putaux, J.L. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 81-88 28 2000 254 32 Sanders, N. K. 342 1989 Santa Barbara University of California PhD 253 17 Sanders, N. K. A. J. Arp J. J. Childress Resp. Physiol. 57–68 71 1988 255 17 Sanders, N. K. J. J. Childress J. Comp. Physiol. and Biochem. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry 97–100 98A 1991 256 17 Sanders, N. K J. J. Childress Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 175–180 113 1992 257 17 Sarradin, Pierre-Marie Caprais, Jean-Claude Briand, Patrick Gaill, Francoise Shillito, Bruce Desbruyeres, Daniel Cahiers de Biologie Marine 159-167. 39 Malacostraca Pogonophora Osteichthyes 07516 Ecology Environmental Biology--Wildlife Management-Aquatic 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora 64054 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Arthropoda-Crustacea Animals Arthropods Chordates Crustaceans Fish Invertebrates Nonhuman Vertebrates Vertebrates Chemical Description Hydrothermal Vent: Habitat Spatial Heterogeneity Thermal Description Genesis site Atlantic Ocean : Mid-Atlantic Ridge Bythograeidae Malacostraca Riftia-pachyptila Pogonophora Zoarcidae Osteichthyes Malacostraca: Crustacea, Arthropoda, Invertebrata, Animalia Osteichthyes: Pisces, Vertebrata, Chordata, Animalia Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia 1998 The objective of this study is to describe the chemical and physical environment surrounding the vent organisms at the Genesis site EPR, 2640 m . The main chimney is colonized by Riftia pachyptila, fishes Zoarcidae and crabs Bythograeidae. The top of the smoker is covered with tubes of polychaetes Alvinellidae, the frontier zone by limpet gastropods. Temperature measurements and water sampling were made on an axis along the chimney. The environment was characterized using relationships between chemical concentrations and temperature to provide a chemo-thermal model of the site. Discrete temperature ranges were 1-1.6degreeC in sea water, 1.6-10degreeC among Riftia plumes up to 25degreeC at the tube base , 7-91degreeC close to the alvinellid tubes, fluid emission was 262-289degreeC. This study describes the habitat of Alvinellidae emphasizing its chemical sumS H2S + HS- + S2- 3-300 mumol l-1, CO2 3.5-6 mmol l-1, pH 5.7-7.5 and thermal specificities compared to Riftia ones sumS 4-12 mumol l-1; CO2 2-3.5 mmol l-1; pH 5.8-7.7 . The size of Riftia allowed us to define its environment at the organism temperature gradient along the tube 0.5-1degreeC cm-1 and population scales temperature difference between organisms from the same clump: 10-20degreeC . Such spatial heterogeneity may play a significant role in the animal physiology and calls for further investigations. Journal article 578 17 Scheirer, D. S. MacDonald, K. C. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 7871-7885 98 1993 579 17 Scheirer, D. S. MacDonald, K. C. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 2239-2259 100 1995 582 17 Scheirer, D. S. Macdonald, K. C. Forsyth, D. W. Miller, S. P. Wright, D. J. Cormier, M. H. Weiland, C. M. Marine Geophysical Researches Marine Geophysical Researches 1-12 18 1 1996 466 17 Daniel S. Scheirer Timothy M. Shank Daniel J. Fornari Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems Q03002 7 3 r2k-h 2006 doi:10.1029/2005GC001094 591 17 Schouten, H. Tivey, M. A. Fornari, D. J. Cochran, J. R. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37-50 169 1 1999 416 17 Schramm, B. Devey, C. W. Gillis, K. M. Lackschewitz, K. Schramm, B Univ Bremen, Fachbereich Geowissensch, Klagenfurter Str, D-28359 Bremen, Germany Univ Bremen, Fachbereich Geowissensch, D-28359 Bremen, Germany GEOMAR, IFM, Leibniz Inst Meereswissensch, D-24148 Kiel, Germany Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC, Canada Chemical Geology 281-313 218 3-4 low-temperature alteration east pacific rise secondary minerals mass change clay minerals phillipsite upper oceanic-crust de-fuca ridge hydrothermal heat-flux rare-earth elements sea-floor basalt seismic velocities continental-crust layer-2 basalts flank circulation 2005 MAY 25 0009-2541 ISI:000229691700006 Many studies have focused on low-temperature alteration of the oceanic crust, nevertheless little is known about the initial processes of low-temperature alteration and their influence on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the oceanic crust once it leaves the spreading axis. The lack of such studies is primarily related to the difficulty of recovering samples representative of this initial alteration style. Such information is nevertheless important not only for crust-ocean mass-balances but also to characterize an important input to the subduction zones. We have studied dredged basalts from the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise at 14 degrees 15'S, concentrating on the products of a single spreading segment in a corridor perpendicular to the spreading axis and covering a range of crustal ages from 0 to 9 Ma. Electron microprobe, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and ICP-MS analvses have been carried out to examine the mineralogical and chemical changes in the basalts which make up the surface of the upper crust caused by low-temperature alteration. Fresh rocks were sampled at the ridge axis; off-axis basalts show features of progressive alteration. Celadonite is the main alteration component in 0.12-4.6 Ma old rocks, whereas phillipsite is more abundant in rocks older than 4.6 Ma. Changing compositions of secondary minerals, progressive sealing of fractures and the occurrence of more alteration rinds on older rocks show evidence for a slight change in redox conditions, from an oxidizing, water-dominated to a more reducing, rock-dominated environment with time. Iron oxyhydroxide and celadonite are the first alteration products, partly replaced or covered by saponite under more reducing conditions. The Fe necessary for the formation of these minerals is furnished by the dissolution of class and the breakdown of olivine. Phillipsite is present in fractures and veins in rocks older than I Ma. Analyses also indicate an illite-smectite mixed layered mineral which is believed to be an intermediate between saponite and celadonite and small amounts of a chlorite/smectite mixed layered mineral. All samples are characterized by the lack of minerals formed by hydrothermal processes. We conclude that the alteration took place under seawater-dominated conditions at low temperature. A comparison of trace element analyses from altered whole rock samples and their appendant fresh glass chips provides a record of element mobility during alteration. Off-axis basalts show significant uptakes of Rb, Cs and Ba which are supplied by seawater and incorporated in or on secondary minerals. An enrichment of U is also apparent and appears to be especially strong when alteration conditions are oxidative. K2O is also gained in all altered off-axis basalts, believed to be linked to the formation of celadonite. However, the volume of rock being altered is so small relative to the volume of the oceans that this scavenging has no noticeable effect on the composition of the oceans. The composition of the oceanic crust, on the other hand, is affected significantly. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 934FG Times Cited:2 Cited References Count:79 <Go to ISI>://000229691700006 English 261 32 Scott, K. M. 1998 Penn. State University Ph.D. 260 17 Scott, K. M. Bright, M. Fisher, C. R. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 379-381 39 3-4 1998 CAH BIOL MAR 262 17 Scott, K. M. Bright, M. Macko, S. A. Fisher, C. R. Marine Biology Mar. Biol. Marine Biology 25-34 135 1 Riftia-pachyptila jones inorganic carbon rose garden tube worm ribulose bisphosphate marine-phytoplankton galapagos rift sea-water temperature fixation 1999 The hydrothermal vent vestimentiferans Riftia pachyptila Jones, 1981 and Ridgeia piscesae Jones, 1985 live in habitats with different abundances of external CO2. R. pachyptila is found in areas with a high input of hydrothermal fluid, and therefore with a high [CO2]. R. piscesae is found in a range of habitats with low to high levels of hydrothermal fluid input, with a correspondingly broad range of CO2 concentrations. We examined the strategies for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) use by the symbionts from these two species. R. pachyptila were collected from the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees 50'N; 104 degrees 20'W) in March 1996, and R. piscesae were collected from the Juan de Fuca Ridge (47 degrees 57'N; 129 degrees 07'W) during September of 1996 and 1997. The differences in the hosts' habitats were reflected by the internal pools of DIC in these organisms. The concentrations of DIC in coelomic fluid from R. piscesae were 3.1 to 10.5 mM, lower than those previously reported for R. pachyptila, which often exceed 30 mM. When symbionts from both hosts were incubated at in situ pressures, their carbon fixation rates increased with the extracellular concentration of CO2, and not HCO3-, and symbionts from R. piscesae had a higher affinity for CO2 than those from R. pachyptila (K-1/2 Of 7.6 mu M versus 49 mu M) Transmission electron micrographs showed that symbionts from R. piscesae lack carboxysomes, irrespective of the coelomic fluid [DIC] of their host. This suggests that the higher affinity for CO2 of R. piscesae symbionts may be their sole means of compensating for lower DIC concentrations. The delta(13)C values of tissues from R. piscesae with higher [DIC] in the coelomic fluid were more positive, opposite to the trend previously described for other autotrophs. Factors which may contribute to this trend are discussed. OCT MAR BIOL 259 17 Scott, K. M. C. R. Fisher Amer. Zool. American Zoologist 102-111 35 1995 SYNOPSIS. The primary ecosystem-structuring organisms at many hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are phylogenetically related and quite similar physiologically and anatomically. Vestimentiferan tube worms and Vesicomyid clams in particular all rely on chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts and have blood which binds sulfide with high affinity and capacity. However, there are significant differences between cold seep and hydrothermal vent environments, including large differences in flow rate of the emitted fluid and the chemistry of that fluid. Here we review extant data on the hydrothermal vent species, present new data on the physiologically relevant chemical microhabitat of cold seep vestimentiferans and vesicomyids, and compare the physiological ecology of the seep spe- cies to their hydrothermal vent relatives. 258 17 Scott, K. M. Fisher, C. R. Vodenichar, J. S. Nix, E. R. Minnich, E. Physiol. Zool. Physiological Zoology 617–638 67 3 1994 Riftia pachyptila , the giant hydrothermal vent tube worm, lives in a thermally and chemically complex environment. It apparently derives the bulk of its nutrition from its chemoautotrophic symbionts, which are found at very high densities in a large internal organ, the trophosome. Although somewhat buffered from the environmental variation, the internal symbionts likely are exposed to significantly different temperatures in different host individuals, in different positions in the same host individual, and at different times in the same host individual. Temperature optima for autotrophic carbon fixation varied from 25° to 35°C in trophosome preparations from eight individuals. Because of a variety of factors, both the mode of supply of inorganic carbon to the symbionts in the trophosome and the adequacy of that supply (with respect to saturation of demand) are not understood. On the basis of experiments varying the concentrations of bicarbonate and dissolved carbon dioxide, an apparent K m for dissolved carbon dioxide of between 0.021 and 0. 035 mM is demonstrated, and dissolved carbon dioxide is determined to be the form of inorganic carbon taken up and used by the symbionts. 337 17 Shank, T.M. Black, M.B. Halanych, K. Lutz, R.A. Vrijenhoek, R.C. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Mol. Phyl. Evol. 244-254 13 2 1999 340 17 Shank, T.M. Fornari, D.J. Von Damm, K. Lilley, M. Van Dover, C.L. Levai, G. Lutz, R. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union (EOS) F701 76 Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union 1995 389 17 Shank, T. M. Fornari, D. J. Von Damm, K. L. Lilley, M. D. Haymon, R. M. Lutz, R. A. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 465-515 45 1 1998 523 17 Shank, T. M. Halanych, K. M. Marine Ecology Marine Ecology 25-35 28 1 r2k-ba 2007 doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00146.x 332 17 Shank, T.M. Lutz, R.A. Fornari, D.J. Haymon, R.M. Lilley, M. Von Damm, K. Perfit, M.R. Edwards, M.E. Shanks, W.C. Desbruyeres, D. Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union (EOS) 601 75 44 1994 263 17 Shank, T. M. Lutz, R. A. Vrijenhoek, R. C. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 88-96 7 Malacostraca 00504 General Biology--Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Terminology 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules 63554 Invertebrata, General and Systematic Zoology--Arthropoda-Crustacea 64054 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Arthropoda-Crustacea Animals Invertebrates Arthropods Crustaceans Research Article Rimicaris Exoculata Iorania Concordia Rimicaris Aurantiaca Juvenile Adult Synonym Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Molecular Systematics Systematics Life History Synonymy Ecology Mid-Atlantic Ridge Atlantic Ocean 1998 Independent-species descriptions of a "small orange" caridean shrimp found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge have created the synonymous names Iorania concordia Vereshchaka 1996b and Rimicaris aurantiaca Martin et al. 1997. Our genetic analyses involving allozymes and mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal that the "small orange" shrimp described in these studies are a juvenile form of Rimicaris exoculata Williams and Rona, a species commonly found at these sites. In light of this result, we reconsider the life history and ecologic characteristics of juvenile and adult stages of Rimicaris exoculata. Journal article; research article 338 17 Shank, T.S. Fornari, D.J. Lutz, R. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union (EOS) F739 78 1997 488 17 Sheader, M. Van Dover, C. L. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 181-194 331 2007 339 17 Sheader, M. Van Dover, C.L. Shank, T.M. Marine Biology Marine Biology 901-911 5 2000 583 17 Shen, Y. Scheirer, D. S. Forsyth, D. W. Macdonald, K. C. Nature Nature 140-143 373 6510 1995 386 17 Shen, Y. Sheehan, A. F. Dueker, K. G. de Groot-Hedlin, C. Gilbert, H. Science Science 1232-1235 280 5367 1998 341 17 Shillito, B. Jollivet, D. Sarradin, P.M. Rodier, P. Lallier, F.H. Desbruyères, D. Gaill, F. Marine Ecology Progress Series Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Marine Ecology Progress Series 141-149 216 2001 266 17 Shillito, Bruce Koster, Abraham J. Walz, Jochen Baumeister, Wolfgang Biology of the Cell (Paris) 5-13 88 1-2 Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora) Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia animals invertebrates Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Cell Biology Metabolism Methods and Techniques Morphology chitin 1398-61-4: chitin Chitin Microfibrils Electron Tomography Microscopy Method Nascent Microfibril Tip Plastic-Embedded Cup-Shaped Organelles Secretion Process Tubeworm 3d Reconstruction 1997 Structural investigations on the chitin secretion system of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila, are presented. In this organism, 300-nm cup-shaped organelles are responsible for the formation of large (50 nm) crystalline chitin microfibrils of the rare beta form. Electron tomographic reconstructions of plastic-embedded cup-shaped organelles were carried out, using 93 projections distributed over a plus-minus 70 degree angular range with a 0.63-nm pixel size. In addition, the shrinkage profile of the plastic sections was measured to determine the required imaging conditions. The entire data collection was done automatically and carried out under cryo-conditions. Automation resulted in an efficient use of irradiation dose; 96% of the total dose is required for the data itself, only 4% is used for the required compensation of focus change and image shift. The results are presented as 3-nm thick slices through the 3-D reconstruction, (parallel to the original thin section, ie the x-y plane). The 3-nm slices allow to visualize separate structures that are overlapping in a conventional 2-D projection of the initial thin section. Also, these thin slices through the 3-D reconstruction show the fine contours of the nascent microfibril tip, which appears to be cone-shaped. Biosis Journal Article 1996 English 268 5 Shillito, B. Lechaire, J.-P. Goffinet, G. Gaill, F. Parson, L. M. Walker, C. L. Dixon, D. R. Hydrothermal Vents and Processes, Geological Society Special Publication No. 87 295–302 1995 Geological Society 267 17 Shillito, B. Lechaire, J. P. Childress, J. Gaill, F. Journal of Structural Biology 85-92 120 10502 Biophysics--General Biophysical Studies 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Biochemistry and Biophysics Extracellular Matrix Diffraction Contrast Imaging Cell Biology Beta-Chitin Microfibrils Components Analytical Method Zero-Loss Filtering 1997 The beta-chitin microfibrils from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent worm Riftia pachyptila were studied in both mature and fresh tubes experimentally obtained. The methods used were electron diffraction and electron diffraction contrast images, in conjunction with an electron-energy filter, operated in the zero-loss mode. In both studied samples, microfibrils are organized in successive layers, inside which they are parallel. However, the fresh tube is less densely packed and diffraction data show that these microfibrils may be in a partially hydrated state. These results indicate that a later step occurs in the compaction of the tube material once it has been extruded. Comparison of filtered and unfiltered diffraction patterns shows that zero-loss filtering significantly improves both working conditions and quality of diffraction recordings. Journal article; research article 270 17 Shillito, B. Lechaire, J. P. Gaill, F. J. Struct. Biolo. Journal of Structural Biology 59–67 111 Riftia, growth 1993 Vestimentiferans are good models for investigating the chitin secretion process. These worms, especially the giant tube worm Riftia pachyptila, inhabit a chitinous tube which results from the secretion of differentiated cells, associated in specific chitin secreting systems. Such systems were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy using both standard stained thin sections and freeze-fracture techniques. The cells exhibit original microvilli-like structures, that were named "cups," in relation to their shape. These specialized microvilli are thought to be involved in the chitin crystallite secretion. We describe the main features of these subcellular structures and the characteristics of the crystallites. A three-dimensional model of these organelles is suggested. We discuss the specificity of this crystallite synthesis and propose a tentative model of the microfibril formation. These findings lead us to hypothesize that the beta chitin microfibril secretion is a highly regulated process, the cup-shaped structure being the first organelles found which may be involved in the chitin crystallite formation of multicellular organisms. 269 17 Shillito, B. Lübbering, B. Lechaire, J.-P. Childress, J. J. Gaill, F. J. Struct. Biol. Journal of Structural Biology 67–75 114 Riftia, growth 1995 Previous work revealed that, in the 13 chitin secretion gland of the hydrothermal vent worm Riftia pachyptila, cup-shaped microvilli (cups) were in close contact with a chitin-like microfibril. A model was suggested, involving a transmembrane synthesis of chitin microfibrils. The aim of the present work is to localize chitin at a cellular level, in the case of animals actively secreting their chitinous tube. Thus, freshly sampled animals were repressurized after in situ collection (2600 m depth). Tube secretory activity was demonstrated during the time the animals were kept in the pressure vessels. Chitin localization was carried out on thin sections of the glands, by means of diffraction contrast transmission electron microscopy and wheat germ agglutinin/gold conjugate labeling. Chitin was unambiguously evidenced inside the cavity of the cups, therefore proving the chitinous nature of the anchored microfibril. In addition, both techniques failed to localize chitin in the intracellular compartment, especially around vesicles associated to the cups. It is concluded that the cup is the site of assembly of R. pachyptila's giant,6 chitin microfibrils. 265 17 Shillito, B. Ravaux, J. Gaill, F. Delachambre, J. Thiebaut, E. Childress, J. J. Marine Ecology-Progress Series Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. 275-279 183 Riftia pachyptila tube hydrothermal vents carbon production Riftia-pachyptila 13-degrees-n biology balance growth worm 1999 The deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its endosymbiotic bacteria are thought to be major primary producers of the East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent ecosystem. Tube production rates were measured for worms maintained alive in pressure aquaria. These rates (y) correlate to the fresh weight (x) of individuals, following an almost square-root relationship (y = 0.192x(0.492)). Extrapolation of experimental data to in situ animal densities (in dense clumps) leads to rates that may exceed 1 g C m(-2) d(-1) for worms from the Parigo site (13 degrees N). Thus, vestimentiferan tube growth alone would indicate that this vent site is a remarkable benthic hotspot for carbon production. Finally, it seems that these rates differ depending on the in situ origin of the animals, thus suggesting that in the future this type of experiment may provide quantitative information concerning the vitality of different vent sites. MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 271 17 Sicot, Francois-Xavier Exposito, Jean-Yves Masselot, Monique Garrone, Robert Deutsch, Jean Gaill, Francoise European Journal of Biochemistry 50-58. 246 1 animals annelids invertebrates Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Genetics Physiology Cdna Collagen Complementary Dna Evolution Fibrillar-Collagen Gene Molecular Genetics Species Comparison u68412 1997 Arenicola marina possesses cuticular and interstitial collagens, which are mostly synthesised by its epidermis. A cDNA library was constructed from the body wall. This annelid cDNA library was screened with a sea-urchin-collagen cDNA probe, and several overlapping clones were isolated. Nucleotide sequencing of these clones revealed an open reading frame of 2052 nucleotides. The translation product exhibits a triple helical domain of 138 Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats followed by a 269-residue-long C-terminal non-collagenous domain (C-propeptide). The triple helical domain exhibits an imperfection that has been previously described in a peptide produced by cyanogen bromide digestion (CNBr peptide) of A. marina interstitial collagen. This imperfection occurs at the same place in the interstitial collagen of the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila. This identifies the clone as coding for the C-terminal part of a fibrillar collagen chain. It was called FAm1-alpha, for fibrillar collagen la chain of A. marina. The non-collagenous domain possesses a structure similar to carboxy-terminal propeptides of fibrillar pro-alpha chains. Only six conserved cysteine residues are observed in A. marina compared with seven or eight in all other known C-propeptides. This provides information on the importance of disulfide bonds in C-propeptide interactions and in the collagen-assembly process. Phylogenetic studies indicate that the fibrillar collagen 1-alpha chain of A. marina is homologous to the R. pachyptila interstitial collagen and that the FAm1-alpha gene evolved independently from the other alpha-chain genes. Complementary analyses indicate that the vertebrate fibrillar collagen family is composed of two monophyletic subgroups with a specific position of the collagen type-V chains. Journal article; molecular sequence data 272 17 Sicot, Francois-Xavier Mesnage, Marion Masselot, Monique Exposito, Jean-Yves Garrone, Robert Deutsch, Jean Gaill, Francoise Journal of Molecular Biology 811-820 302 4 Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Methods and Techniques Alvinella pompejana collagen: comparison, molecular adaptation, thermal stability Riftia pachyptila collagen: comparison, molecular adaptation, thermal stability DNA sequencing: Recombinant DNA Technology, genetic method, sequencing techniques PCR cloning [polymerase chain reaction cloning]: Recombinant DNA Technology, genetic method, polymerase chain reaction reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction: genetic method, polymerase chain reaction Phylogenetic Analysis 2000 The annelid Alvinella pompejana is probably the most heat-tolerant metazoan organism known. Previous results have shown that the level of thermal stability of its interstitial collagen is significantly greater than that of coastal annelids and of vent organisms, such as the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila, living in colder parts of the deep-sea hydrothermal environment. In order to investigate the molecular basis of this thermal behavior, we cloned and sequenced a large cDNA molecule coding the fibrillar collagen of Alvinella, including one half of the helical domain and the entire C-propeptide domain. For comparison, we also cloned the 3' part of the homologous cDNA from Riftia. Comparison of the corresponding helical domains of these two species, together with that of the previously sequenced domain of the coastal lugworm Arenicola marina, showed that the increase in proline content and in the number of stabilizing triplets correlate with the outstanding thermostability of the interstitial collagen of A. pompejana. Phylogenetic analysis showed that triple helical and the C-propeptide parts of the same collagen molecule evolve at different rates, in favor of an adaptive mechanism at the molecular level. Biosis Journal Article 29 September English 273 17 Simon, V. Purcarea, C. Sun, K. Joseph, J. Frebourg, G. Lechaire, J. P. Gaill, F. Herve, G. Marine Biology (Berlin). 115-127 136 1 Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora) Pogonophora: Invertebrata, Animalia Invertebrates Animals Enzymology (Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics) trophosome arginine aspartate transcarbamylase carbamylphosphate: synthesis, utilization carbamylphosphate synthetase pyrimidine 74-79-3q: arginine 7200-25-1q: arginine 9012-49-1: aspartate transcarbamylase 590-55-6: carbamylphosphate 9026-23-7: carbamylphosphate synthetase 289-95-2: pyrimidine Metabolic Energy Metabolic Exchanges Metabolism Nucleotide Pathways 2000 The obligate symbiosis of the deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila with a sulphur-oxidizing bacterium raises important questions concerning its metabolism and metabolic exchanges. In this study, the presence and properties of the enzymes synthesizing and utilizing carbamylphosphate in the arginine and pyrimidine nucleotide pathways were investigated in this worm. The results show that the ammonium-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase, enzymes involved in the arginine pathway, are present in all body parts of the worm. In contrast, the glutamine-dependent carbamylphosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamylase, enzymes involved in the de novo pathway for pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis, are present only in the trophosome, the symbiont-harbouring tissue. Although the bacterial nature of these enzymes is not unambigously established, these results strongly suggest that the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is limited to the trophosome, the organ where the production of metabolic energy takes place, while the other parts of the worm's body rely on the salvage pathway for the production of the pyrimidine triphosphate nucleotides. Biosis Journal Article Feb. English 440 17 Sims, K. W. W. Blichert-Toft, J. Fornari, D. J. Perfit, M. R. Goldstein, S. J. Johnson, P. DePaolo, D. J. Hart, S. R. Murrell, M. T. Michael, P. J. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst 8621 4 10 r2k-cs/m 2002 586 17 Sims, K. W. W. Goldstein, S. J. Blichert-toft, J. Perfit, M. R. Kelemen, P. Fornari, D. J. Michael, P. Murrell, M. T. Hart, S. R. DePaolo, D. J. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 3481-3504 66 19 2002 519 17 Sims, K. W. W. Goldstein, S. J. Blichert-Toft, M. R. Perfit, M. R. Kelemen, P. Fornari, D. J. Michael, P. J. Murrell, M. T. Hart, S. R. DePaolo, D. J. Layne, G. D. Jull, M. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 3481-3504 66 19 r2k-cs/m 2002 450 17 Singh, S. C. Harding, A. J. Kent, G. M. Sinha, M. C. Combier, V. Bazin, S. Tong, C. H. Pye, J. W. Barton, P. J. Hobbs, R. W. Nature Nature 287-90 442 7100 r2k-cs 2006 371 17 Smith, C.R. Levin, L.A. Mullineaux, L.S. Deep-Sea Res. (2 Top. Stud. Oceanogr.) Deep-Sea Research (Part 2, Topical Studies in Oceanography) 1-11 45 1-3 1998 274 17 Smith, K. L., Jr. Ecology 1067–1080 66 1984 275 17 Smith, K. L., Jr. Limnol. Oceanogr. Limnology and Oceanography 102–110 30 1985 562 17 Sohn, R. A. Fornari, D. J. Von Damm, K. L. Hildebrand, J. A. Webb, S. C. Nature(London) Nature(London) 159-161 396 6707 1998 468 17 R.A. Sohn K.W.W. Sims Geology Geology 93-96 33 2 r2k-cp 2005 doi: 10.1130/G21116.1 417 17 Sohn, R. A. Webb, S. C. Hildebrand, J. A. Sohn, RA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth - 109 B12 volcanic seismic structure upper oceanic-crust de-fuca ridge hydrothermal vent fluids mid-atlantic ridge sea-floor emplacement processes cracking event anisotropy 9-degrees-10-degrees-n evolution 2004 DEC 9 0148-0227 ISI:000225880400003 We use a combination of body wave and interface wave observations from an on-bottom seismic refraction survey to constrain the fine-scale seismic structure of the upper crust in a similar to3x3 km field area centered on the East Pacific Rise at 9degrees50'N. We detonated 18 explosive shots (18 sources) in a circular pattern (1.5 km radius) on the rise axis and recorded seismic arrivals with eight ocean bottom seismometers (eight receivers). We observed 30-40 Hz compressional body waves from all shots (144 P waves) and 1-3 Hz Stoneley (interface) waves on a subset of source-receiver pairs (58 interface waves). Using a station correction inversion, we find that roughly half of the variance in the P wave first-arrival times results from lateral variations in the thickness of the surface low-velocity layer (SLVL), a layer of extremely porous lava and basalt breccia with an average P wave velocity of 2.2 km s(-1). The SLVL thickness increases from <20 m along the axial summit trough (AST) to &SIM;120 m at near-axis lava depocenters, which are not symmetric about the rise axis. Depocenters are located &SIM;0.5 km to the west and &SIM;1.5 km to the east of the rise axis. Tomographic inversion of the Stoneley wave first arrivals reveals that shear velocities in the SLVL covary with the layer thickness, exhibiting a similar asymmetric pattern, with shear velocities increasing from &SIM;320 m s(-1) near the AST to &SIM;520 m s(-1) at the near-axis depocenters. Our analysis demonstrates that the seismic characteristics of the extrusive layer near the rise axis are related primarily to volcanic features and processes. The thickness and velocity of the SLVL are low on the axis and within channel networks that deliver lava flows away from the axis and then increase rapidly at the distal ends of the channels where the lavas are deposited. We find that azimuthal anisotropy exerts only a weak influence on our P wave first-arrival times, which we model as weak (4%) seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the upper dikes with a fast axis oriented N23&DEG;-32&DEG;W. We find no evidence for seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the extrusive layer. 881PR Times Cited:3 Cited References Count:44 <Go to ISI>://000225880400003 English 382 17 Sorgo, A. Gaill, F. Lechaire, J.-P. Arndt, C. Bright, M. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. in press 2002 469 17 S. Adam Soule Daniel J. Fornari Michael R. Perfit W. Ian Ridley Mark H. Reed Johnson R. Cann Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 289-307 252 r2k-cs/h 2006 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.043 587 17 Soule, S. A. Fornari, D. J. Perfit, M. R. Rubin, K. H. Geology Geology 1079 35 12 2007 415 17 Soule, S. A. Fornari, D. J. Perfit, M. R. Tivey, M. A. Ridley, W. I. Schouten, H. Soule, SA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Clark S,272C,MS 24,286 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Univ Florida, Dept Geol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Q08005 6 r2k-cp channels lava lava morphology ridge-crest submarine marine geology and geophysics : midocean ridge processes marine geology and geophysics : ophiolites (8140) volcanology : effusive volcanism mid-atlantic ridge spreading midocean ridges de-fuca ridge seismic layer 2a emplacement processes analog experiments submersible observations tectonic segmentation surface-morphology volcanic-eruptions 2005 AUG 18 1525-2027 ISI:000231403800001 [1] Submarine lava flows are the building blocks of young oceanic crust. Lava erupted at the ridge axis is transported across the ridge crest in a manner dictated by the rheology of the lava, the characteristics of the eruption, and the topography it encounters. The resulting lava flows can vary dramatically in form and consequently in their impact on the physical characteristics of the seafloor and the architecture of the upper 50 - 500 m of the oceanic crust. We have mapped and measured numerous submarine channelized lava flows at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) crest 9 degrees - 10 degrees N that reflect the high-effusion-rate and high-flow-velocity end-member of lava eruption and transport at mid-ocean ridges. Channel systems composed of identifiable segments 50 - 1000 m in length extend up to 3 km from the axial summit trough (AST) and have widths of 10 - 50 m and depths of 2 - 3 m. Samples collected within the channels are N-MORB with Mg# indicating eruption from the AST. We produce detailed maps of lava surface morphology across the channel surface from mosaics of digital images that show lineated or flat sheets at the channel center bounded by brecciated lava at the channel margins. Modeled velocity profiles across the channel surface allow us to determine flux through the channels from 0.4 to 4.7 x 10(3) m(3)/ s, and modeled shear rates help explain the surface morphology variation. We suggest that channelized lava flows are a primary mechanism by which lava accumulates in the off-axis region ( 1 - 3 km) and produces the layer 2A thickening that is observed at fast and superfast spreading ridges. In addition, the rapid, high-volume-flux eruptions necessary to produce channelized flows may act as an indicator of the local magma budget along the EPR. We find that high concentrations of channelized lava flows correlate with local, across-axis ridge morphology indicative of an elevated magma budget. Additionally, in locations where channelized flows are located dominantly to the east or west of the AST, the ridge crest is asymmetric, and layer 2A appears to thicken over a greater distance from the AST toward the side of the ridge crest where the channels are located. 957WK Times Cited:6 Cited References Count:91 <Go to ISI>://000231403800001 English 390 17 Spiess, F. N. MacDonald, K. C. Atwater, T. Ballard, R. Carranza, A. Cordoba, D. Cox, C. Diaz Garcia, V. M. Francheteau, J. Guerrero, J. Science Science 1421-1433 207 4438 1980 508 17 Stroup, D. F. Bohnenstiehl, D. R. Tolstoy, M. Waldhauser, F. Weekly, R. T. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters L15301 34 15 r2k-cp/o 2007 503 17 Taillefert, M. Luther, G. W. Nuzzio, D. B. Electroanalysis Electroanalysis 401-412 12 6 2000 Apr 1040-0397 ISI:000086886400001 <Go to ISI>://000086886400001 342 17 Taylor, C.D. Wirsen, C.O. Science Science 1483-1485 277 1997 343 17 Taylor, C.D. Wirsen, C.O. Gaill, F. Appl. 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Comptes Rendus De L Academie Des Sciences Serie Iii-Sciences De La Vie-Life Sciences Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Ser. III-Sci. Vie-Life Sci. 537-541 322 7 P-31 NMR phosphorylated compounds vestimentifera Lugworm arenicola-marina phosphodiester metabolism muscle nmr 1999 P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the major phosphorylated compounds visible in perchloric extracts of three body regions of the vestimentiferan worm Riftia pachyptila: winged vestimentum, trunk and segmented posterior opisthosome. Two phosphagens (PGs) were present in vestimentum and opisthosome. The major resonance corresponded to those of phosphoarginine and phosphotaurocyamine, which can not be discriminated on 31P NMR spectra. We have identified four distinct phosphodiesters (PDEs) in these tissues: glycero- phosphorylethanolamine (GPE), serine ethanolamine phosphodiester (SEP), glycero-phosphorylcholine (GPC) and threonine ethanolamine phosphodiester (TEP). Three phosphonates or derivates (PAs) were observed in the three body regions. The minor one was identified as 2-aminoethyl phosphonate (2-AEP). The phosphorus profile of the trunk was appreciably different: one additional resonance in the PDE region and only one phosphagen peak were observed. (C) Academie des Sciences / Elsevier, Paris. JUL C R ACAD SCI SER III-VIE 457 17 Thiébaut, E. Huther, X. Shillito, B. Jollivet, D. Gaill, F. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 147–157 234 2002 470 17 T Tian W S D Wilcock D R Toomey R S Detrick Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2369-2372 27 16 r2k-cs 2000 471 17 M. Tolstoy Cowen E. T. Paker D. Fornari K. H. Rubin T. M. Shank F. Waldhauser D. R. Bohnenstiehl D. W. Forsyth R. C. Holmes B. Love M. R. Perfit R. T. Weekly S. A. Soule B. Glazer Science Science 1920 314 r2k-cp/h 2006 doi: 15.1126/science.1133950 588 17 Tolstoy, M. Waldhauser, F. Bohnenstiehl, D. R. Weekly, R. T. Kim, W. Y. Nature Nature 181-4 451 7175 2008 531 17 Tomascak, P. B. Langmuir, C. 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I Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers 1447–1456 41 ARENICOLA-MARINA L, ACID-BASE-BALANCE, CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC SYMBIONTS, SULFIDE-BINDING, WORM, BLOOD, JONES, HEMOGLOBIN, LUGWORM, VESTIMENTIFERA 1994 Total CO2 (Sigma CO2) up to 50 mmol l(-1), corresponding to internal CO2 partial pressures (P-CO2) up to 6 kPa (1 kPa approximate to 7.5 mm Hg or Torr), have been measured in the body fluids of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Jones) sampled at 13 degrees N on the East Pacific Rise. At physiological pH values, such high Sigma CO2 and P-CO2 are quite unusual in water-breathing animals. In Riftia, both blood and coelomic fluid contain extracellular haemoglobins at fairly high concentrations, but their titration by a strong acid as well as CO2 equilibration experiments on dialysed and ultra-filtered fluids showed that the presence of these proteins account for only one-tenth to one-third of the observed Sigma CO2. Gel filtration analysis of the fluids revealed that the protein-free fractions retained most of the CO2: about 64% in blood and 80% in coelomic fluid. This corresponds to a base excess of unknown nature and origin at a concentration up to 30 meg l(-1). The nutritional needs of the mouthless and gutless Riftia are totally derived from the metabolic activity of sulphide-oxidizing, chemolithoautotrophic bacterial symbionts able to fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules. In an external environment in which P-CO2 varies widely due to the turbulent mixing of the hot, sulphide- and CO2-rich vent water with the cold, CO2-poor deep sea water, we propose that the base excess has three main functions: first, to retain CO2 in the body fluids when the external P-CO2 is low; second, to act as a buffer when external P-CO2 is high; third, to allow the large coelomic compartment to act as a CO2 store, thus permitting the symbiotic bacteria to fix carbon continuously even when the external supply of carbon dioxide fluctuates. 285 17 Truchet, M. Ballan-Dufrancais, C. Jeantet, A. Y. Lechaire, J. P. Cosson, R. Cahiers De Biologie Marine Cah. Biol. Mar. Cah. Biol. Mar. 129-141 39 2 vestimentiferans hydrothermal vents trophosome sulphur metal bioaccumulations microanalysis Vent tube worm chemoautotroph symbiotic bacteria hydrothermal vent alvinella-pompejana jones pogonophora atp sulfurylase partial cycle environments biochemistry physiology 1998 Ultrastructural and microanalytic study of the Vestimentiferan trophosome shows that the important sulphur quantities present in the organ are not stored as globules as it was previously hypothesized. We assume that the elemental sulphur could exist under S-8 octaedral structures, whose size is not observable at the microscopic scale inside the bacteria hyaloplasm. Metallic bioaccumulations are not considerable in bacteria and in bacteriocytes and are due to a physiological purifying metabolism. Metallic salts, abundant in the hydrothermal fluid, are probably poorly soluble and then less toxic than it appeared previously. CAH BIOL MAR 287 17 Tunnicliffe, B. McArthur, A. G. McHugh, D. Adv. Mar. Biol. Advances in Marine Biology 353-442 34 East pacific rise mid-atlantic ridge worm riftia-pachyptila back-arc basin vestimentiferan tube worms submarine hydrocarbon seeps 19-degrees-s naudur cruise wood-boring bivalves gulf-of-mexico fuca-ridge 1998 286 17 Tunnicliffe, V. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 347 – 366 233 1988 366 17 Tyler, P.A. Young, C.M. J Mar Biol Assn Uk Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 193-208 79 2 SEA HYDROTHERMAL-VENT WORM RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA EAST PACIFIC RISE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE DE-FUCA RIDGE GENE FLOW POPULATION-STRUCTURE RIMICARIS-EXOCULATA LARVAL DISPERSAL BATHYMODIOLUS-THERMOPHILUS 1999 40 West 20Th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA Cambridge Univ Press 0025-3154 Reproductive cycles are determined from samples taken at regular intervals over a period of time related to the assumed periodicity of the breeding cycle. Fiscal, ship time and sampling constraints have made this almost impossible at deep-sea vents and seeps, but there is an accumulating mass of data that cast light on these processes. It is becoming apparent that most reproductive processes are phylogenetically conservative, even in extreme vent and seep habitats. Reproductive patterns of species occurring at vents and seeps are not dissimilar to those of species from the same phyla found in non-chemosynthetic environments. The demographic structure of most vent and seep animals is undescribed and the maximum ages and growth rates are not known. We know little about how the gametogenic cycle is initiated, though there is a growing body of data on the size at first reproduction. Gametogenic biology has been described from seasonal samples for only one organism from vent/seep environments. For other species, the pattern of gametogenesis has been described from serendipitous samples that allow determination of reproductive effort, but such samples reveal little about energy partitioning during the gametogenic process. Some notable adaptations have been described in mature gametes, including modified sperm. Spawning has been observed for a number of species both in situ and in vitro. Knowledge of the larvae of vent/seep organisms has been derived from laboratory fertilizations, from field collections over vent and seep areas and, for molluscs, from protoconch or prodissoconch size and shape. Larval dispersal has been perhaps the most intractable aspect of reproduction. Because the length of larval life is known for only a single seep organism and no vent organism, we cannot infer dispersal distance from a knowledge of current velocities. Modelling has been used to assess the maximum larval distance that allows effective migration between vent sectors. 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Bull. 134–135 186 1994 Riftia pachyptila , the giant vestimentiferan tubeworm, dominates the biomass of many hydrothermal vent sites in the Gulf of California (Guaymas basin) and on the East Pacific Rise and Galapagos Spreading Center (1). The worms typically occur in large clumps or thickets as mixed populations of males and females. On a dive series made by the sumersible Alvin in the vicinity of 9°50' N on the East Pacific Rise, I observed spawning tubeworms while I was sampling associated fauna. This note presents a brief account of the spawning activity. 426 17 Van Dover, C. L. Marine Ecology Progress Series Marine Ecology Progress Series 55-66 253 2003 289 17 Van Dover, C. L. Franks, P. J. S. Ballard, R. D. Limnol. Oceanogr. Limnology and Oceanography 1006–1010 32 Bythograea distribution 1987 291 17 Van Dover, C. L. Fry, B. Limnol. Oceanogr. Limnology and Oceanography 51–57 39 1 1994 We used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to examine the diversity of microbial populations consumed as foods at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Invertebrate consumers at Gorda and Juan de Fuca Ridge vent sites had variable carbon isotope compositions, implying the use of more than one microbial food resource. s 13 C values for consumer invertebrates at Gorda ranged between - 13.2% (polynoid polychaete) and -43.7% (limpet); within Gorda microhabitats, s 13 C compositions ofinvertebrate species were also not uniform, differing by as much as 8-19%. At the Juan de Fuca site, s 13 C values showed a wide range (- 14.6 to - 33.9%) for nine invertebrate species collected from a dense community colonizing the surface of a sulfide flange. Carbon isotope differences between tubeworm symbioses and consumer invertebrates within microhabitats suggest that these symbioses may play a minor role as nutritional resources in vent food webs. 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Marine Biology 453-460 132 3 Vent tube worm clam solemya-reidi riftia-pachyptila jones east pacific rise sulfide oxidation elemental sulfur bacterial symbiont gutless clam rose garden brine seep 1998 Total sulfur (S-TOT), elemental sulfur (S degrees) and sulfur- isotope compositions (delta(34)S) Of marine animals were analyzed to determine whether these chemical characteristics could help distinguish animals with a sulfur-based, thiotrophic nutrition from animals whose nutrition is based on methanotrophy or on more normal consumption of phytoplankton- derived organic matter. The presence of S degrees was almost entirely confined to the symbiont-containing tissues of thiotrophs, but was sometimes undetectable in thiotrophic species where sulfide availability was probably low. When S degrees contents were subtracted, the remaining tissue-sulfur concentrations were similar for all nutritional groups. delta(34)S values were typically lower for thiotrophs than for other groups, although there was overlap in methanotroph and thiotroph values at some sites. Field evidence supported the existence of small to moderate (1 to 10%)S-34 fractionations in the uptake of sulfides and metabolism of thiosulfate. In general, a total sulfur content of >3% dry weight, the presence of elemental sulfur, and delta(34)S values less than +5%, can be used to infer a thiotrophic mode of nutrition. OCT MAR BIOL 293 17 Vetter, R. D. M. E. Wells A. L. Kurtsman G. N. Somero Physiol. Zool. 121 – 137 60 1987 414 17 Vinogradov, G. M. Musaeva, E. I. Vinogradov, GM Russian Acad Sci, Severtsov Inst Problems Ecol & Ecolut, Moscow, Russia Russian Acad Sci, Severtsov Inst Problems Ecol & Ecolut, Moscow, Russia Russian Acad Sci, Shirshov Inst Oceanol, Moscow, Russia Oceanology 671-679 45 5 guaymas basin gulf north-atlantic california zone gyre 2005 SEP-OCT 0001-4370 ISI:000232817800007 The plankton distribution in the entire water column and in the near-bottom layers above the deep-water vent field at 9 degrees 50' N on the East Pacific Rise was studied with use of Mir deep-sea manned submersibles and BR plankton nets. No near-bottom peak of the abundance of planktonic animals was revealed there; meanwhile, an increase in the number of larvacean shelters was found near the boundaries of the hydrothermal plume. The importance is noted of the significance of the plume's hydrological structure for the fine distribution of larvaceans. It is shown that one of the expected mechanisms of the influence of hydrothermal plumes on oceanic plankton (the redistribution of the animals already existing in the water column) really operates in nature. 977QH Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:31 <Go to ISI>://000232817800007 English 585 17 Von Damm, K. L. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 11203-11222 105 B5 2000 505 17 Von Damm, K. L. Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions between the Lithosphere and Oceans Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions between the Lithosphere and Oceans 285-304 2004 383 17 von Damm, K. L. Edmond, J. M. Grant, B. Measures, C. I. Walden, B. Weiss, R. F. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2197-2220 49 11 1985 449 17 Von Damm, K. L. Lilley, M. D. Geophysical monograph 245-268 144 r2k-h/ch 2004 430 17 Von Damm, K. L. Lilley, M. D. Shanks, W. C. Brockington, M. Bray, A. M. O'Grady, K. M. Olson, E. Graham, A. Proskurowski, G. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 365-378 206 3 r2k-h 2003 477 13 Voordeckers, J. W. Starovoytov, V. Vetriani, C. 2005 Soc General Microbiol 295 17 Vrijenhoek, R. C. Journal of Heredity 285-293 88 03506 Genetics and Cytogenetics--Animal 03509 Genetics and Cytogenetics-- Population Genetics 1972- 07508 Ecology Environmental Biology--Animal 07512 Ecology Environmental Biology--Oceanography 64001 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--General Animals Research Article Hydrothermal Vent Animals Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Natural Metapopulation Fragmentation Gene Flow Genetic Diversity Population Genetics Marine Ecology 1997 The ephemeral nature of deep-sea hydrothermal vents is expected to favor species with good colonization abilities, high dispersal rates, and rapid individual growth rates. Studies of gene flow in vent-endemic species provide glimpses into modes and patterns of dispersal. For some species, gene flow occurs without geographical bias i.e., island model ; their dispersal capabilities probably exceed the sampled geographical range. For other species, genetic differentiation increases with geographical distance isolation-by-distance model and suggests a stepping-stone mode of dispersal between neighboring vents. Genetic subdivision in a third group of species is associated with geographical offsets between contiguous segments of a ridge axis. These species all possess a free-living larval stage and average rates of gene flow Nm exceeding the critical value of one. In contrast, an amphipod that broods its young shows evidence for isolation-by-distance along a ridge axis and nearly complete isolation between distinct ridge axes. Early successional species i.e., those that rapidly establish populations at nascent vents also have high levels of genetic variability that probably results from a larger global population size. Bivalve species, which are restricted to a few of the known vent sites, appear at a later successional stage and have lower levels of variability. The relative successional position early versus late and overall abundance of a species may play significant roles in determining the retention of genetic diversity in populations inhabiting these ephemeral environments. Journal article; research article 335 10 Vrijenhoek, R.C. Shank, T. Lutz, R.A. Jouin-Toulmond, C. Proceedings of the first international symposium on deep-sea hydrothermal vent biology 363-366 39 1998 Madeira, Portugal Station Biologique de Roscoff 541 17 Wang, X. Cochran, J. R. Barth, G. A. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 17927-17940 101 B8 1996 429 17 White, S. M. Haymon, R. M. Fornari, D. J. Perfit, M. R. Macdonald, K. C. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 2173 107 2002 427 17 White, S. M. Macdonald, K. C. Haymon, R. M. Journal of Geophysical Research Journal of Geophysical Research 23519-23536 105 B10 2000 406 17 White, S. M. Umino, S. Kumagai, H. White, SM Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA Univ Shizuoka, Inst Geosci, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan Japan Agcy Marine Sci & Technol, Inst Frontier Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan Geology Geology 293-296 34 4 seamounts ridges intraplate volcanism seafloor spreading gravity mantle convection 2006 APR 0091-7613 ISI:000236726900018 A number of large submarine intraplate volcanic ridges have been discovered throughout the South Pacific Basin, but their origins are enigmatic. Recent shipboard geophysical surveys reveal that the Sojourn Ridge, one of these large intraplate ridges, becomes a chain of discrete seamount volcanoes that intersects the ridge axis. This seamount chain exhibits several features that suggest that it is directly related to the Sojourn Ridge. The Sojourn Seamount Chain grows continuously in both volume and number of seamounts with distance from the spreading axis; several loci of recent volcanic activity along the chain are evident in the side-scan imagery, and a mantle Bouguer anomaly low underlies the entire length of the chain. This evidence provides new constraints on the origin of intraplate volcanic ridges. The continuation of the Sojourn Ridge system as a volcano chain that extends to within 5 km of the spreading axis implies active generation of magma and a focusing mechanism, such as flexural stresses induced by the mass of the volcanic pile, as the probable mechanism for developing volcanic ridges and long seamount chains. 031TL Times Cited:0 Cited References Count:20 <Go to ISI>://000236726900018 English 594 17 Wilcock, W. S. D. Purdy, G. M. Solomon, S. C. Dubois, D. L. Toomey, D. R. Geophysical Research Letters Geophysical Research Letters 2131-2134 19 21 1992 593 17 Wilcock, W. S. D. Solomon, S. C. Purdy, G. M. Toomey, D. R. Science Science 1470-1474 258 5087 1992 595 17 Wilcock, W. S. D. Solomon, S. C. Purdy, G. M. Toomey, D. R. J. Geophys. Res J. Geophys. Res 24147-24165 100 1995 296 17 Wittenberg, J. Morris, R. J. Gibson, Q. H. Jones, M. L. Science Science Science Science 344–346 213 1981 298 17 Wittenberg, J. B. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 301 – 310 6 1985 297 17 Wittenberg, J. B. Morris, R. J. Gibson, Q. H. Jones, M. L. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 255–259 670 1981 396 17 Wolfe, C. J. Solomon, S. C. Science Science 1230-1232 280 5367 1998 515 17 Yang, Y. Forsyth, D. W. Weeraratne, D. S. Earth and Planetary Science Letters Earth and Planetary Science Letters 260-268 258 1-2 2007 528 17 Yoerger, D. R. Jakuba, M. Bradley, A. M. Bingham, B. International Journal of Robotics Research International Journal of Robotics Research 41-54 26 1 2007 308 17 Zal, F. Recherche Recherche 90-95 317 Hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin ionization-mass-spectrometry tube-worm extracellular hemoglobin sulfide animals system 1999 FEB RECHERCHE 299 17 Zal, F. Desbruyères, D. Jouin-Toulmond, C. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , Sér. III 42-48 317 1994 The Alvinellidae, like most polychaetes, are gonochoristic. In Paralvinella grasslei, the males exhibit external sexual characters in the cephalic region which are not seen in the females. Specimens of each sex have only one pair of gonoducts; their terminal parts lead into two pockets spermathecae in females, seminal vesicles in males which fuse and open out through a unique genital pore located at the base of the gills. The spermatozoa are very special. The head, lacking an acrosome, contains on the one side a thick layer of electron-dense granules, on the opposite side clear vesicles, and a central ovoid nucleus surrounded by mitochondria. There is no middlepiece. The flat caudal process containing electron-dense cytoplasm and numerous vesicles has no axoneme. The spermathecae harboured slightly modified sperm and degenerating sperm. These observations suggest that sperm transfer occurs by pseudocopulation and that the fecundation is internal. 305 17 Zal, F. Green, B. N. Lallier, F. H. Toulmond, A. Biochemistry 11777-11786 36 10065 Biochemistry--Biochemical Studies: Porphyrins and Bile Pigments 10504 Biophysics--General Biophysical Techniques 15002 Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Blood and Lymph Studies Animals Invertebrates Annelids Research Article Alvinella Pompejana Biochemistry and Biophysics Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Hemoglobin Extracellular Sds-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Multiangle Laser Light Scattering Analytical Method 1997 Alvinella pompejana inhabits deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites along the East-Pacific Rise, where it colonizes the walls of actively venting high-temperature chimneys. This worm is the most thermophilic metazoan known to date. In Alvinella, as in other alvinellids, oxygen transport is mainly achieved by an extracellular Hb dissolved in the vascular blood. This Hb has a molecular mass of 3833 plus-minus 14 kDa as revealed by multiangle laser light scattering MALLS . Native and derivative Hb reduced, carbamidomethylated, and deglycosylated were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-MS . The data were processed by the maximum entropy deconvolution system MaxEnt . We identified three groups of peaks for Alvinella Hb, at ca. 16, 23 -26, and 50 kDa corresponding to i four monomeric globin chains, al 16 633.4 , a2 16 532.4 , a3 16 419.6 , and a4 16 348.9 ; ii four linker chains, L1-L4 22 887.1, 24 230.5, 26 233.6, and 25 974.4 ; and iii one disulfide-bonded trimer T 51 431.9 composed of globin chains b 16 477.5 , c 16 916.1 , and d 18 048.8 . These Hbs were also subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis for comparative purposes. In addition, using the ESI-MS data we propose two alternative models for the quaternary structure of Alvinella's Hb. Journal article; research article 303 17 Zal, Franck Green, Brian N. lallier, François H. Vinogradov, Serge, N. Toulmond, André Eur. J. Biochem. Eur. J. Biochem. 85–92 243 haemoglobin, quaternary structure, multi–angle laser–light scattering, electrospray mass spectrometry 1997 To elucidate the quaternary structure of the extracellular haemoglobin (Hb) of the marine polychaete Arenicola marina (lugworm) it was subjected to multi–anle laser–light scattering (MALLS) and to electrospray–ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) . It was also subjected to SDS/PAGE analysis for comparative purposes. MALLS analysis gave a molecular mass of 3648±24 kDa and a gyration radius of 11.3± 1.7 nm. Maximum entropy analysis of the multiply charged electrospray spectra of the native, dehaemed, reduced and carbamidomethylated Hb forms, provided its complete polypeptide chain and subunit composition. We found, in the reduced condition, eight globin chains of molecular masse15 952.5 Da (al), 15 974.8 Da (a2), 15 920.9 Da ( b1 ), 16020.1 Da ( b2 ), 16036.2 Da (b3), 16664.8 Da (c), 16 983.2 Da (d1), 17 033.1 Da (d2) and two linker chains L1 , 25 174.1 Da. and L2, 26 829.7 Da. In the native Hb, chains b, c, d occur as five disulphide–bonded trimer subunits T with masses of 49560.4 Da ( TI ), 49 613.9 Da (T2), 49 658.6 Da (T3), 49 706.8 Da (T4), 49 724.5 Da ( T5 ). Linker chains Ll and L2 occur as one disulphide-bonded homodimer 2L1(DI) of 50 323.1 Da and one disulphide-bonded heterodimer LI-L2 (D2) of 51 981.5 Da. Polypeptide chains a and d possess one free cysteine residue and chains d possess an unusual total of five cysteine residues. Semi-quantitative analysis of ESI-MS data allowed us to propose the following model for the one-twelfth protomer: [ (3a 1)(3a2) 2 T ] ( T corresponding to either T3, T4 or T5). From electron micrograph data TI and T2 are probably located at the centre of the molecule as mentioned in previous studies. The Hb would thus be composed of 198 polypeptide chains with 156 globin chains and 42 linker chains, each twelfth being in contact with 3.5 linker subunits, providing a total mass of 3682 kDa including haems in agreement with the experimental molecular mass determined by MALLS. From ESI-MS relative intensities and the model proposed above, the globin/linker ratio gave 0.71:0.29 and 0.73:0.27, respectively. The estimation of haem content by pyridine haemochromogen and by cyanmethaemoglobin (HiCN) methods also support the globin chain number provided by ESI-MS. 309 17 Zal, F. B. N. Green P. Martineu F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond S. N. Vinogradov J. J. Childress Eur. J. Biochem. European Journal of Biochemistry 5227–5236 267 2000 2000 Following previous analysis of the structure of Alvinella pompejana heaxagonal-bilayer haemoglobin (HBL Hb) [1], we report in this paper the structure of three other HBL Hbs belonging to Alvinella caudata, Paralvinella grasslei and Paralvinella palmiformis, members of the Alvinellidae, annelid family strictly endemic to deep-sea hydrothermal vents located on the ridge crests in the Pacific ocean. The multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) analysis revealed a broad range of molecular masses for the extracellular Hb molecules, 3517 ^ 14 kDa (A. caudata), 3822 ^ 28 kDa (P. grasslei) and 3750 ^ 150 kDa (P. palmiformis). Native and derivative Hbs (reduced, carbamidomethylated and deglycosy- lated) were analysed by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) and the data was processed by the maximum entropy deconvolution system (MaxEnt). The most important difference between alvinellid HBL Hbs was the variation in their composition, from two to four monomeric globin chains, and from one to four linker chains. Therefore, despite the fact that all these species belong to a single family, notable differences in the polypeptide chain composition of their HBL Hbs were observed, probably accounting for their different functional properties as previously reported by this group Toulmond, A., El Idrissi Slitine, F., De Frescheville, J. & Jouin, C. (1990) Biol. Bull. 179, 366±373. Toad active:Acrobat from lab:FranckAlvinellids 300 17 F. Zal D. Jollivet P. Chevaldonne D. Desbruyères Mar. Biol. Marine Biology Marine Biology 637–648 122 1995 Paralvinella grasslei is a polychaetous annelid living in the harsh, unstable and heterogeneous environmental conditions found at deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites in the eastern Pacific. The aim of this work was to examine the possible influence of the reproductive biology of P. grasslei on the structure of its populations. Maximum observed oocyte size inside the 'duct 's 275 µm, and fecundity is relatively low. Exovi amination of gametes and young specimens suggested a direct benthic development for this species. The population structure of P. grasslei at 13°N/EPR (EPR = East Pacific Rise) revealed a discontinuous recruitment which seems to be synchronized within vent sites and fields. The data also suggested the occurrence of discrete breeding periods. P. grasslei probably reproduces several times a year, with an apparent periodicity. Tidal signals could be a possible cue for the coordination of the reproductive cycle. The life-history of P. grasslei is discussed in light of the reproductive biology of other terebellomorph polychaetes, and seems to be well adapted for colonizing the unstable environment of hot vents. Two main hypotheses can explain the dissemination processes of this species along axial oceanic ridges. The influence of nearbottom currents occurring along the central "graben" of the East Pacific Rise can be considered to account for part of the transport of larvae and 'uveniles, but the observations of polychaete erpochaetes on the test of hydrothermal bythograeid crabs and evidence that crab migrations occur between vents also support the possibility of zoochory for the dissemination of alvinellid polychaetes. 307 17 Zal, F. Kuster, B. Green, B. N. Harvey, D. J. Lallier, F. H. Glycobiology 663-673 8 Pogonophora 10050 Biochemistry--Biochemical Methods--General 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Partially Glucose-Capped Oligosaccharides Hemoglobins N-Linked Oligosaccharides Structure Glucose Capping Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectroscopy Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Mass Spectroscopy High Performance Liquid Chromatography Exoglycosidase Digestion Biochemistry and Biophysics Methodology Analytical Method 1998 We report here the structural determination of N-linked oligosaccharides found on extracellular hemoglobins of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila. Structures were elucidated by a combination of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and exoglycosidase digestion. The sugar chains were found to consist mainly of high-mannose-type glycans with some structures partially capped by one or two terminal glucose residues. The present study represents the first report of the occurrence of glucose capping of N-linked carbohydrates in a secreted glycoprotein of a metazoan. Previously, glucose capping has only been described for a membrane-bound surface glycoprotein from the unicellular parasite Leishmania mexicana amazonensis. Journal article; research article 301 17 F. Zal F. H. Lallier B. N. Green Serge N. Vinogradov Andrè Toulmond J. Biol. Chem. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 8875–8881 271 1996 The deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones possesses a complex of three extracellular Hbs: two in the vascular compartment, Vl ( ~ 3500 kDa) and V2 ( ~ 400 kDa), and one in the coelomic cavity, Cl ( ~ 400 kDa). These native Hbs, their dissociation products and derivatives were subjected to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The data were analyzed by the maximum entropy deconvolution system. We identified three groups of peaks for Vl Hb, at ~ 16, 23-27, and 30 kDa, corresponding to (i) two monomeric globin chains, b (M r , 16,133.5) and c (M r , 16,805.9); (ii) four linker subunits, LI-L4 (M r , 23,505.2, 23,851.4, 26,342.4, and 27,425.8, respectively); and (iii) one disulfide-bonded dimer Dl (M r 31,720.7) composed of globin chains d (M r 15,578.5) and e (M r , 16,148.3). V2 and Cl Hbs had no linkers and contained a glycosylated monomeric globin chain, a (M r 15,933.4) and a second dimer D2 (M r 32,511.7) composed of chains e and f (M r 16,368.1). The dimer DI was absent firom C 1 Hb, clearly differentiating V2 and C 1 Hbs. These Hbs were also subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis for comparative purposes. The following models are proposed ((cDl)(bD1) 3 ) for the one-twelfth protomer of Vl Hb, ((cD)(bD) 6 (aD)) (D corresponding to either Dl or D2) for V2 and Cl Hbs. HBL Vl Hb would be composed of 180 polypeptide chains with 144 globin chains and 36 linker chains, each twelfth being in contact with three linker subunits, providing a total molecular mass = 3285 kDa. V2 and Cl would be composed of 24 globin chains providing a total molecular mass = 403 kDa and 406 kDa, respectively. These results are in excellent agreement with experimental Mr determined by STEM mass mapping and MALLS (8). 302 17 Zal, F. Lallier, F. H. Wall, J. S. Vinogradov, S. N. Toulmond, A. Journal of Biological Chemistry 8869-8874 271 Pogonophora 15004 Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Blood Cell Studies 15010 Blood, Blood-Forming Organs and Body Fluids--Other Body Fluids 64046 Invertebrata, Comparative and Experimental Morphology, Physiology and Pathology--Pogonophora 10506 Biophysics--Molecular Properties and Macromolecules Animals Invertebrates Research Article Riftia Pachyptila Hemoglobin VI Hemoglobin V2 Celomic Fluid 1996 The deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones possesses a well developed circulatory system and a large coelomic compartment, both containing extracellular hemoglobins. Fresh vascular blood is heterogeneous and contains two different hemoglobins V1 and V2 , whereas the coelomic fluid is homogeneous and comprises only one hemoglobin C1 . Their molecular weights have been determined by scanning transmission electron microscopy mass mapping STEM and by multi-angle laser light scattering MALLS . Both methods yielded approximately the same molecular weights with masses significantly higher than the literature data for V1. V1, V2, and C1 had M-r of 3396 plus-minus 540 times 10-3, 393 plus-minus 71 times 10-3, and 410 plus-minus 51 times 10-3 by STEM, and 3503 plus-minus 13 times 10-3, 433 plus-minus 8 times 10-3, and 380 plus-minus 4 times 10-3 by MALLS, respectively. Transmission electron micrographs of V1 are typical of an hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin HBL Hb . When submitted to dilution or osmotic shock, V1 dissociates into halves and one-twelfth subunits like annelid HBL Hbs. V1 is resistant to urea treatment, indicating that hydrophobic interactions play a small role in its quaternary structure. Conversely, V1 Hb is rather unstable in solution without denaturant, a property which seems to be characteristic of vestimentiferan HBL Hbs and could be explained by an important number of hydrogen bonds. Journal article; research article 306 17 Zal, F. E. Leize F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond A. V. Dorsselaer J. J. Childress P.N.A.S. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8997–9002 95 Riftia Pachyptila Lamellibrachia Oligobrachia Mashikoi Giant Tube Worm Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vestimentifera Hemoglobin V1 Sulfide Binding Hemoglobin V2 Hemoglobin C1 S-Sulfohemoglobin Cysteine Residue Conservation Globin Chains 1998 The deep sea hydrothermal tube worm Riftia pachyptila possesses a multihemoglobin system with three different extracellular hemoglobins Hbs; V1, V2, and C1 : two dissolved in the vascular blood, V1 and V2, and one in the coelomic fluid, C1.V1 consists of four heme-containing chains and four linker chains. The globin chains making up V2 and C1 are, with one exception, common to V1. Remarkably these Hbs are able to bind oxygen and sulfide simultaneously and reversibly at two different sites. Two of the globin chains found in these three Riftia Hbs possess one free Cys residue and for at least one of the globins, the b-Cys-75 is conserved among vestimentifera Lamellibrachia sp. and pogonophora Oligobrachia mashikoi . By selectively blocking the free Cys with N-ethylmaleimide and using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry experiments, we show that these Cys residues are involved in sulfide binding by Riftia Hbs. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the larger V1 Hb can form persulfide groups on its linker chains, a mechanism that can account for the higher sulfide-binding potential of this Hb. Toad active:Acrobat from lab:Franck PNAS 333 17 Zal, F. Leize, E. Oros, D.R. Hourdez, S. A. Van Dorsselaer, A. Childress, J.J. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 413–424 41 2000 304 17 Zal, F. Suzuki, T. Kawasaki, Y. Childress, J. J. Lallier, F. H. Toulmond, A. PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 562–574 29 hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan hemoglobin primary structure phylogenetic relationships sulphide binding-site symbiosis 1997 The deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones possesses a multi-hemoglobin system with three different extracellular Hbs: two dissolved in the vascular blood, Vl (ca. 3,500 kDa) and V2 (ca. 400 kDa), and one in the coelomic fluid, C1 (ca. 400 kDa). V1 Hb consists of four haem-containing, globin chains (b-e) and four linker chains (L1-L4). V2 and C1 Hbs are exclusively built from globin chains, six for V2 (a-f) and five for C1 (a-e). The complete amino acid sequence of the isolated monomeric globin chain b, common to all Riftia Hbs, has been determined by automated Edman degradation sequencing of the peptides derived by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and CNBR. This polypeptide chain is composed of 144 amino acid residues, providing a Mr of 16, 135.0 Da. Moreover, the primary sequence of chain b revealed 3 Cys residues at position 4, 75, and 134. Cys-4 and Cys-134 are located at positions where an intra-chain disulphide bridge is formed in all annelid, vestimentiferan, or pogonophoran chains, but Cys-75 is located at a unique position only found in three globin chains belonging to Lamellibrachia and Oligobrachia , a vestimentiferan and a pogonophoran. In both groups, Hbs can bind sulphide reversibly to fuel the chemosynthetic process of the symbiotic bacteria they harbor. Sulphide-binding experiments performed on purified Hb fractions (i.e., V1, V2, and C1 Hbs) suggest that free Cys residues on globin chains, and the numerous Cys found in linker chains, as determined previously by ESI-MS, may be the sulphide binding-sites. Blocking the free Cys by N –ethylmaleimide, we confirmed that free-cysteines were involved in sulphide-binding but did not account for the whole sulphide-binding capacity of V1 Hb- Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed from 18 globin-like chains of annelid, vetimentiferan, and pogonophoran extracellular Hbs to clarify the systematic position of tubeworms. Riftia chain b clearly belongs to the "strain A7" family with 30 to 80% identity with the other sequences analyzed. Its position in the tree confirmed a close relationship between vestimentiferan, pogonophoran, and annelid Rbs. Proteins 29:00-00,1997. 334 17 Zbinden, M. Martinez, I. Guyot, F. Cambon-Bonavita, M.A. Gaill, F. Eur. J. Mineral. 653-658.95 13 2001 431 17 Zou, H. Zindler, A. Niu, Y. Science Science 107-110 295 5552 2002